Thermodynamic atmospheres |
Used in design scenarios for aerodynamic pressure and aerodynamic heating during launch and, most critical, in return from space or in suborbital missions, or for preliminary flight test series. |
• GRAM-07 (Leslie-Justus 2008Leslie FW, Justus CG (2008) The NASA MSFC Earth global reference atmospheric model - 2007 Version. (TM-2008-215581). NASA Technical Memorandum.) • Range Commander's Council (1983)Range Commander’s Council (1983) Cape Canaveral Florida - range reference atmosphere 0 to 70-km Altitude. (361-83). RCC Document.
• NASA (1976)[NASA] National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1976) US standard atmosphere, 1976. (TM-X-74335). NASA Technical Report.
• Johnson (2008)Johnson DL (2008) Terrestrial environment (climatic) criteria guidelines for use in aerospace vehicle development, 2008 Revision. (TM-2008-215633). NASA Technical Memorandum.
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Vector wind profile (VWP) model |
Used in design scenario baselines for dispersion of aero- dynamic loads attributable to wind profile dispersion (the persistence of winds over time as a function of the wind load calculations on the vehicle over that same time). Note: The VWP replaces preliminary design wind profiles constructed from selected percentiles of wind speed (scalar wind model) or wind components. It contains vertical wind shear percentile information. |
• Adelfang et al. (1994)Adelfang SI, Smith OE, Batts GW (1994) Ascent wind model for launch vehicle design. J Spacecraft and Rockets 31(3):502-508. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.26467
https://doi.org/10.2514/3.26467...
• Smith (1976)Smith OE (1976) Vector wind and vector wind shear models 0 to 27km altitude for Cape Kennedy, Florida and at Vandenberg AFB, California. (TM-X-73319). NASA Technical Report.
• Adelfang (1999)Adelfang SI (1999) User’s guide for monthly vector wind profile model. (CR-1999-209759). NASA Technical Report.
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Synthetic wind profiles |
Used in preliminary design. |
• Johnson (2008)Johnson DL (2008) Terrestrial environment (climatic) criteria guidelines for use in aerospace vehicle development, 2008 Revision. (TM-2008-215633). NASA Technical Memorandum.
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Discrete gust models |
Used to establish structural response to wind gusts. Both are used in the Shuttle program. |
Classic 9 m/s (30 ft/s) gust model (see Fig. 6) (Johnson 2008Johnson DL (2008) Terrestrial environment (climatic) criteria guidelines for use in aerospace vehicle development, 2008 Revision. (TM-2008-215633). NASA Technical Memorandum.; Adelfang and Smith 1998Adelfang SI, Smith OE (1998) Gust models for launch vehicle ascent. Presented at: 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Reno, USA. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-747
https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-747...
) • New NASA gust model (Adelfang and Smith 1998Adelfang SI, Smith OE (1998) Gust models for launch vehicle ascent. Presented at: 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Reno, USA. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-747
https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-747...
) |
Turbulence models |
Used in developing vehicle structures and systems for G&C. Also used with applications to fuel-budgeting studies. |
• GRAM-07 Power spectrum density/continuous turbulence models (Johnson 2008Johnson DL (2008) Terrestrial environment (climatic) criteria guidelines for use in aerospace vehicle development, 2008 Revision. (TM-2008-215633). NASA Technical Memorandum.) |
APRA |
Used in mission planning studies to analyze vehicle design, mission scenario operability for specified weather constraints. |
• Smith et al. (1982)Smith OE, Batts GW, Willett JA (1982) Atmospheric constraint statistics for the space shuttle mission planning. (TP-2069). NASA Technical Paper.
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Launch site specific meteorological databases (for KSC and other sites, for prelaunch, launch, and landing from the surface to 27 km (15 nmi) |
Used as an input to APRA above. Used to construct the VWP model. Used in design verification analyses (surface to 18 km (10 nmi). |
• Surface weather data (30+ yr, hourly) • Monthly Rawinsonde wind profiles (surface to 27 km [15 nmi], 19 yr of data, serially complete, two profiles/day) • Jimsphere detailed wind profiles, 150 profiles/month for KSC and VAFB |