Evaluation of Total Concentrations and Bioaccessible Fractions of Essential and Toxic Elements in Amaranth, Quinoa and Chia by MIP OES

Clasen, Caroline D.; Silva, Sandy A.; Ribeiro, Kaiane Q.; Ribeiro, Anderson S.; Vieira, Mariana A.

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20230176

Caroline D. Clasen

conceptualization

investigation

methodology

validation

formal analysis

investigation

writing original draft

reviewed the manuscript

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Laboratório de Metrologia Química, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), 96010-900 Capão do Leão-RS, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-9830

Sandy A. Silva

investigation

formal analysis

writing original draft

reviewed the manuscript

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Laboratório de Metrologia Química, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), 96010-900 Capão do Leão-RS, Brazil

Kaiane Q. Ribeiro

investigation

formal analysis

writing original draft

reviewed the manuscript

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Laboratório de Metrologia Química, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), 96010-900 Capão do Leão-RS, Brazil

Anderson S. Ribeiro

validation

resources

writing-review

editing

visualization

reviewed the manuscript

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Laboratório de Metrologia Química, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), 96010-900 Capão do Leão-RS, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9819-615X

Mariana A. Vieira ^**e-mail: maryanavieira@hotmail.com

conceptualization

validation

resources

writing - review

editing

visualization

supervision

funding acquisition

reviewed the manuscript

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Laboratório de Metrologia Química, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), 96010-900 Capão do Leão-RS, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-1439

*e-mail: maryanavieira@hotmail.com

Editor handled this article: Maria das Graças A. Korn (Associate)

Analyte	Concentration ± standard deviation / (mg kg^-1)
Analyte	Amaranth-A	Amaranth-B	Amaranth-C	Quinoa-A	Quinoa-B	Quinoa-C
Al	5.4 ± 0.1^c	5.7 ± 0.1^b	7.7 ± 0.1^a	10.8 ± 0.6^b	13.9 ± 1.1^a	8.1 ± 0.5^c
B	5.0 ± 0.1^b	8.5 ± 0.8^a	8.0 ± 0.1^a	6.5 ± 0.1^b	8.5 ± 0.6^a	8.5 ± 0.5^a
Ba	5.73 ± 0.01^a	5.74 ± 0.01^a	1.91 ± 0.01^b	1.91 ± 0.01^b	< 0.019	5.5 ± 0.4^a
Ca	1364 ± 27^b	1587 ± 38^a	1308 ± 36^b	523 ± 51^b	658 ± 14^a	626 ± 31^a
Cu	3.4 ± 0.1^b	13.5 ± 1.1^a	4.4 ± 0.3^b	5.3 ± 0.1^b	13.1 ± 1.1^a	6.2 ± 0.5^b
Fe	64 ± 3^b	80.8 ± 3.3^a	75.7 ± 2.2^a	49.4 ± 2.8^a	48.2 ± 1.2^a	47.6 ± 1.1^a
K	4724 ± 73^b	4449 ± 106^c	5314 ± 108^a	8135 ± 82^a	6200 ± 158^b	6459 ± 137^b
Mg	1746 ± 27^c	3119 ± 36^a	2455 ± 15^b	1830 ± 93^b	2458 ± 77^a	1872 ± 20^b
Mn	21.0 ± 0.1^c	51.1 ± 2.9^a	39.6 ± 1.1^b	39.4 ± 1.2^b	60.6 ± 1.1^a	58.7 ± 1.1^a
Na	30.5 ± 1.8^a	11.4 ± 1.1^c	22.2 ± 1.9^b	493 ± 9^a	23.1 ± 2.2^b	6.2 ± 0.6^c
Ni	< 0.096	< 0.096	< 0.096	1.91 ± 0.01^b	0.38 ± 0.001^c	2.4 ± 0.1^a
V	3.8 ± 0.1^c	19.1 ± 0.1^a	12.8 ± 1.1^b	11.5 ± 0.1^b	16.7 ± 1.1^a	10.9 ± 1.0^b
Zn	16.5 ± 1.1^c	49.8 ± 1.9^a	31.3 ± 2.2^b	36.2 ± 2.0^b	42.7 ± 1.1^ab	47.2 ± 4.0^a
	(mg EAG g^-1)
TPs	3.34 ± 0.09^a	0.55 ± 0.03^c	1.61 ± 0.10^b	0.60 ± 0.04^b	0.65 ± 0.01^b	1.07 ± 0.06^a

Analyte	Concentration ± standard deviation / (mg kg^-1)
Analyte	Chia-A	Chia-B	Chia-C	Chia-D
Al	64.1 ±1.1^b	234 ± 1.1^a	37.2 ± 2.5^d	50.0 ± 2.9^c
Ba	31.1 ± 1.9^c	36.1 ± 2.5^b	25.02 ± 0.07^d	42.2 ± 1.9^a
Ca	6527 ± 154^c	8385 ± 471^b	6378 ± 152^c	9540 ± 353^a
Cu	24.1 ± 1.0^a	20.5 ± 1.0^b	15.03 ± 0.06^c	23.9 ± 1.0^a
Fe	80.8 ± 0.8^b	99.4 ± 0.9^a	71.97 ± 0.05^c	78.3 ± 1.6^b
K	7143 ± 85^b	8069 ± 177^a	6944 ± 102^b	7059 ± 115^b
Mg	3759 ± 33^b	4841 ± 309^a	3848 ± 101^b	3430 ± 104^b
Mn	67.2 ± 1.9^b	79.9 ± 4.4^a	40.0 ± 1.6^c	64.98 ± 0.04^b
Na	16.66 ± 0.01^d	53.3 ± 3.3^b	44.2 ± 2.5^c	72.1 ± 4.8^a
Ni	1.67 ± 0.01^a	< 0.083	< 0.083	1.66 ± 0.01^a
V	14.4 ± 1.0^a	7.7 ± 0.3^d	11.66 ± 0.01^b	9.7 ± 0.3^c
Zn	77.8 ± 3.5^a	53.3 ± 1.7^c	60.5 ± 1.0^b	63.3 ± 1.7^b
	(mg EAG g^-1)
TPs	2.38 ± 0.08^b	3.41 ± 0.09^a	3.27 ± 0.08^a	2.46 ± 0.10^b

Analyte	Amaranth-A
Analyte	TC / (mg kg^-1)	NBF / (mg kg^-1)	NBF / %	BF / (mg kg^-1)	BF / %
Al	5.4 ± 0.1	5.3 ± 0.1	98	< 0.003	-
B	5.0 ± 0.1	4.1 ± 0.1	82	0.98 ± 0.001	20
Ba	5.7 ± 0.1	4.3 ± 0.2	75	0.30 ± 0.001	5
Cu	3.4 ± 0.1	1.31± 0.01	38	2.0 ± 0.01	59
Fe	64 ± 3	33.7 ± 2.3	53	19.1 ± 1.0	30
K	4724 ± 73	305 ± 2	6	4582 ± 142	97
Mg	1746 ± 27	347 ± 19	20	1066 ± 12	61
Mn	21.0 ± 0.1	13.5 ± 0.1	64	3.4 ± 0.1	16
V	3.8 ± 0.1	1.90 ± 0.01	50	2.45 ± 0.01	64
Zn	16.5 ± 1.1	14.2 ± 0.7	86	1.96 ± 0.01	12
Analyte	Quinoa-A
Analyte	TC / (mg kg^-1)	NBF / (mg kg^-1)	NBF / %	BF / (mg kg^-1)	BF / %
Al	10.8 ± 0.6	9.7 ± 0.1	90	< 0.003	-
B	6.5 ± 0.1	3.8 ± 0.1	58	2.0 ± 0.1	31
Ba	1.91 ± 0.01	1.8 ± 0.1	94	0.28 ± 0.001	15
Cu	5.3 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.1	94	1.13 ± 0.01	21
Fe	49.4 ± 2.8	24.1 ± 1.3	49	20.5 ± 0.2	41
K	8135 ± 82	407 ± 27	5	8019 ± 189	99
Mg	1830 ± 93	501 ± 13	27	1266 ± 4	69
Mn	39.4 ± 1.2	24.0 ± 0.1	61	8.0 ± 0.3	20
Ni	1.91 ± 0.01	0.95 ± 0.04	50	0.60 ± 0.01	31
V	11.5 ± 0.1	4.5 ± 0.1	39	5.1 ± 0.1	44
Zn	36.2 ± 2.0	26.2 ± 1.4	72	3.1 ± 0.1	9

Analyte	TC / (mg kg^-1)	NBF / (mg kg^-1)	NBF / %	BF / (mg kg^-1)	BF / %
Al	64.1 ± 1.1	63.8 ± 1.1	99	< 0.017	-
Ba	31.1 ± 1.9	23.9 ± 1.0	77	1.42 ± 0.001	5
Cu	24.1 ± 1.0	20.8 ± 1.2	86	5.20 ± 0.01	22
Fe	80.8 ± 0.8	68.0 ± 3.8	84	14.20 ± 0.02	18
K	7143 ± 85	2257 ± 216	32	4408 ± 218	62
Mg	3759 ± 33	1350 ± 13	36	2116 ± 90	56
Mn	67.2 ± 1.9	45.8 ± 0.8	68	8.3 ± 0.3	12
Ni	1.67 ± 0.01	< 0.042	-	1.41 ± 0.003	84
V	14.4 ± 1.0	13.2 ± 1	92	2.8 ± 0.1	19
Zn	77.8 ± 3.5	63.3 ± 4.7	81	< 0.084	-

Analyte	Amaranth-B		Amaranth-C
Analyte	BF / (mg kg^-1)	BF / %	BF / (mg kg^-1)	BF / %
Al	< 0.003	-	< 0.003	-
B	1.9 ± 0.1	22	1.5 ± 0.1	19
Ba	0.28 ± 0.001	5	< 0.001	-
Cu	5.0 ± 0.3	37	0.84 ± 0.001	19
Fe	14.9 ± 0.5	18	19.5 ± 0.4	26
K	4132 ± 82	93	4905 ± 247	92
Mg	1597 ± 124	51	1233 ± 19	50
Mn	6.7 ± 0.1	13	5.9 ± 0.2	15
V	6.9 ± 0.2	36	3.6 ± 0.3	28
Zn	2.2 ± 0.2	4	3.1 ± 0.1	10
Analyte	Quinoa-B		Quinoa-C
Analyte	BF / (mg kg^-1)	BF / %	BF / (mg kg^-1)	BF / %
Al	< 0.003	-	< 0.003	-
B	1.7 ± 0.1	20	1.0 ± 0.01	12
Ba	< 0.001	-	< 0.001	-
Cu	3.3 ± 0.2	25	0.3 ± 0.001	5
Fe	13.5 ± 1.1	28	11.1 ± 0.3	23
K	5360 ± 327	86	5946 ± 341	92
Mg	1418 ± 2	58	1347 ± 88	72
Mn	6.2 ± 0.1	10	7.4 ± 0.1	13
Ni	0.28 ± 0.001	74	0.6 ± 0.001	25
V	5.6 ± 0.2	33	3.2 ± 0.2	29
Zn	1.13 ± 0.01	3	1.15 ± 0.01	2

Analyte	Chia-B		Chia-C		Chia-D
Analyte	BF / (mg kg^-1)	BF / %	BF / (mg kg^-1)	BF / %	BF / (mg kg^-1)	BF / %
Al	< 0.017	-	< 0.017	-	< 0.017	-
Ba	1.42 ± 0.002	4	1.41 ± 0.002	6	2.70 ± 0.25	6
Cu	1.41 ± 0.01	7	1.40 ± 0.01	9	5.66 ± 0.01	24
Fe	4.48 ± 0.33	4	9.91 ± 0.02	14	1.49 ± 0.13	2
K	5038 ± 109	62	3684 ± 95	53	3841 ± 218	54
Mg	2501 ± 3	52	2248 ± 59	58	1988 ± 100	58
Mn	9.45 ± 0.01	12	4.28 ± 0.04	11	8.51 ± 0.01	13
Ni	< 0.042	-	< 0.042	-	1.42 ± 0.002	85
V	1.5 ± 0.1	20	2.1 ± 0.1	18	< 0.169	-
Zn	< 0.084	-	< 0.084	-	< 0.084	-

Analyte	Amaranth		Quinoa		Chia
Analyte	TC	TPs	TC	TPs	TC	TPs
B	+0.95	-0.99	-0.73	-0.98	ND	ND
Ba	-0.99	+0.20	-0.17	-0.58	+0.79	-0.53
Cu	+0.93	-0.60	+0.93	-0.64	+0.85	-0.98
Fe	-0.68	+0.74	+0.99	-0.76	-0.31	-0.16
K	+0.95	+0.46	+0.99	-0.40	+0.93	+0.29
Mg	+0.97	-0.94	+0.88	+0.13	+0.97	+0.88
Mn	+0.99	-0.99	-0.81	+0.09	+0.98	-0.28
Ni	ND	ND	+0.97	+0.41	+0.99	-0.99
V	+0.93	-0.92	+0.73	-0.96	+0.67	+0.11
Zn	+0.14	-0.33	-0.91	-0.57	ND	ND

Analyte	RDI^a a RDI: Recommended Daily Intake.50 ND: not detected. / (mg per day)	Amaranth / %	Quinoa / %	Chia / %
Cu	0.9	4.4-11.1	0.7-7.3	3.1-12.6
Fe	14	2.1-2.8	1.6-2.9	0.2-2.0
K	4700	1.8-2.1	2.3-3.4	1.6-2.1
Mg	260	8.2-12.3	9.7-10.9	15.3-19.2
Mn	2.3	3.0-5.8	5.4-7.0	3.7-8.2
Zn	7	0.6-0.9	0.3-0.9	ND

[1] *e-mail: maryanavieira@hotmail.com

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Evaluation of Total Concentrations and Bioaccessible Fractions of Essential and Toxic Elements in Amaranth, Quinoa and Chia by MIP OES