Germany |
addition of 5% (v v-1) of biodiesel in fossil diesel was allowed in 2004 without labelling; higher blends, except for 100% biodiesel, could be sold, as long as they were labelled;3636 https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2018/07/30/german-biodiesel-and-ethanol-blending-both-jump-in-may/, accessed in February 2021. https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2...
,3737 https://www.ifeu.de/landwirtschaft/pdf/premia-biodiesel-germany.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://www.ifeu.de/landwirtschaft/pdf/p...
since 2015, there is a 6% greenhouse-gas-emission-reduction target set for transportation fuel, which should be reached until 2020;3636 https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2018/07/30/german-biodiesel-and-ethanol-blending-both-jump-in-may/, accessed in February 2021. https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2...
,3737 https://www.ifeu.de/landwirtschaft/pdf/premia-biodiesel-germany.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://www.ifeu.de/landwirtschaft/pdf/p...
fuel companies that fail to fulfill the new biofuel rules will have to pay the penalty of €470 per t O2 eq3838 https://www.etipbioenergy.eu/databases/reports/376-overview-of-biofuel-policies-and-markets-across-the-eu-28, accessed in April 2021. https://www.etipbioenergy.eu/databases/r...
,3939 https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/agriculture/072618-analysis-german-jan-may-biodiesel-sales-rise-129-on-year-ethanol-sales-up-76, accessed in February 2021. https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/marke...
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rapeseed (most used), palm, coconut and soybean oils4040 https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2013/07/15/german-biodiesel-feedstocks-are-diversifying/, accessed in February 2021. https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2...
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France |
article No. 2 Ordinance 2011-1105 from 14th September 2011 is the legal basis regulating the French targets;4141 https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000024562958/, accessed in March 2021. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/J...
in 2015, fuel suppliers were subjected to add 7% biofuel to gasoline and 7.7% biofuel to diesel (in energy content); fuel suppliers who do not comply with the addition rules pay the pollution tax (Taxe Générale sur les Activités Polluantes (TGAP))4242 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_The%20Hague_EU-28_6-19-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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soybean, palm and sunflower oils4242 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_The%20Hague_EU-28_6-19-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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Italy |
in 2015, fuel suppliers were subjected to the addition of at least 5% biofuel to conventional automotive fuels (in energy content);4242 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_The%20Hague_EU-28_6-19-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
the following schedule for the mandatory biofuel addition were 5.5% in 2016, 6.5% in 2017, 7.5% in 2018, 9% in 2019 and 10% from 2020 on; fuel suppliers who fail to comply with the mandatory quota have to pay €750 as penalty for every missing biofuel certificate (10 Gcal)3838 https://www.etipbioenergy.eu/databases/reports/376-overview-of-biofuel-policies-and-markets-across-the-eu-28, accessed in April 2021. https://www.etipbioenergy.eu/databases/r...
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soybean and palm oils4242 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_The%20Hague_EU-28_6-19-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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Russia |
the technical standard in Russia allows adding 5% biodiesel to conventional fuel since 2005 (GOST R 52368-2005);4343 https://www.russiangost.com/p-71805-gost-r-52368-2005.aspx, accessed in March 2021. https://www.russiangost.com/p-71805-gost...
however, this addition is not mandatory in the country4444 https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/76729/1/MPRA_paper_76729.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/76729/1/...
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sunflower, rapeseed and soybean oils4444 https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/76729/1/MPRA_paper_76729.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/76729/1/...
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United Kingdom |
since 2015, fuel suppliers have been forced to add at least 4.75% biofuel (by volume) to conventional automotive fuels;4545 https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2017/09/19/uk-sets-out-policy-to-raise-biofuels-blends-through-2032/, accessed in February 2021. https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2...
in 2018, the biofuel addition target increased to 7.25%, besides being expected to be risen to 12.4% up to 20324545 https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2017/09/19/uk-sets-out-policy-to-raise-biofuels-blends-through-2032/, accessed in February 2021. https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2...
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used cooking oil (UCO)4545 https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2017/09/19/uk-sets-out-policy-to-raise-biofuels-blends-through-2032/, accessed in February 2021. https://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2...
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South Korea |
since 2002, biodiesel has been using in public vehicles;4646 https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/6380.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/6380.pdf...
,4747 Masiero, G.; Rev. Bras. Polit. Int. 2011, 54, 97. between 2006 and 2007, 0.5% biodiesel was introduced in commercial diesel across the country; the blend percentage was expected to increase by 0.5% every year, so that automotive diesel would be added with 2.0% biodiesel from 2010 on;4646 https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/6380.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/6380.pdf...
,4747 Masiero, G.; Rev. Bras. Polit. Int. 2011, 54, 97. in 2015, the 2.5% biodiesel addition became law from the RFS (Renewable Fuel Standard) program;4646 https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/6380.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/6380.pdf...
,4747 Masiero, G.; Rev. Bras. Polit. Int. 2011, 54, 97. between 2018 and 2020, the percentage was expected to increase to 3.0%4848 https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Oilseeds%20and%20Products%20Annual_Seoul_Korea%20-%20Republic%20of_3-5-2019, accessed in March 2021. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api...
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soybean and palm oils4848 https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Oilseeds%20and%20Products%20Annual_Seoul_Korea%20-%20Republic%20of_3-5-2019, accessed in March 2021. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api...
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South Africa |
in 2012, it was determined the addition of 5% of biodiesel in diesel;4949 Pradhan, A.; Mbohwa, C.; Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2014, 39, 1089.,5050 https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/10962-prospects-for-a-regional-biofuels-industry-in-southern-africa.html, accessed in February 2021. https://www.tralac.org/discussions/artic...
the mandatory biofuel addition was supposed to start on 2015;4949 Pradhan, A.; Mbohwa, C.; Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2014, 39, 1089. but lack of pricing and a final approach about how to apply for subsidies, made the government miss its 2015 deadline for mandatory blending;5050 https://www.tralac.org/discussions/article/10962-prospects-for-a-regional-biofuels-industry-in-southern-africa.html, accessed in February 2021. https://www.tralac.org/discussions/artic...
costs with UCO have increased in recent years in response to growing local and global demands; biodiesel producers pay between 7 and 8 rand per liter for UCO; this fact made it unfeasible to promote biofuel use so far5151 http://www.miningweekly.com/article/biodiesel-not-an-affordable-solution-for-s-african-mines-2018-02-07, accessed in February 2021. http://www.miningweekly.com/article/biod...
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used cooking oil (UCO)5151 http://www.miningweekly.com/article/biodiesel-not-an-affordable-solution-for-s-african-mines-2018-02-07, accessed in February 2021. http://www.miningweekly.com/article/biod...
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Argentina |
resolution No. 37 of the Ministry of Energy, from 2006,5252 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Buenos%20Aires_Argentina_7-17-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
established that diesel had to be mixed with at least 10% biodiesel; in 2007, it was set the initial 5% biodiesel addition to diesel;5252 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Buenos%20Aires_Argentina_7-17-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
currently, the biodiesel market in Argentina is going through one of the worst phases, as official data show exports interruption has led to a fall of more than one third of the biodiesel production activities since 201953,5454 https://www.biodieselbr.com/noticias/inter/argentina/industria-de-biodiesel-na-argentina-sofre-com-paralisia-nas-exportacoes-300519, accessed in February 2021. https://www.biodieselbr.com/noticias/int...
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soybean oil5555 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Buenos%20Aires_Argentina_7-21-2016.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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Canada |
British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario established from 2 to 4% biodiesel addition to diesel between 2006 and 2010;5656 http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/2516872/2020-biodiesel-plant-map-reflections, accessed in February 2021. http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/article...
the 2020 map featured nine biodiesel plants in Canada with nearly 598 million liters of capacity; in addition, plants with production capacity of over 126 million liters are either under construction or expansion5656 http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/2516872/2020-biodiesel-plant-map-reflections, accessed in February 2021. http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/article...
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canola, animal fat and recycled oils5757 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Ottawa_Canada_4-6-2018.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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United States |
most biodiesel users have the B20 blend available;5858 https://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_blends.html, accessed in February 2021. https://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodie...
government incentives facilitate biofuel diffusion since regulated fleet using B20 or more, qualify for biodiesel use credits under the Energy Policy Act of 1992;5959 https://afdc.energy.gov/files/pdfs/2527.pdf, accessed in March 2021. https://afdc.energy.gov/files/pdfs/2527....
B100 and other high-level biodiesel/diesel blends are less common than B20, as well as there also are the lower blends; this is due to lack of regulatory incentives and pricing;5858 https://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_blends.html, accessed in February 2021. https://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodie...
in 2020, 134 million gallons of biodiesel were produced, which means 1 million gallons extra when compared to 20196060 https://www.eia.gov/biofuels/biodiesel/production/, accessed in February 2021. https://www.eia.gov/biofuels/biodiesel/p...
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soybean oil6060 https://www.eia.gov/biofuels/biodiesel/production/, accessed in February 2021. https://www.eia.gov/biofuels/biodiesel/p...
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China |
there is no mandate for biodiesel addition, except for a small trial in two counties from the Hainan province;6161 http://task39.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2013/05/The-Potential-of-biofuels-in-China-IEA-Bioenergy-Task-39-September-2016.pdf, accessed in February 2021. http://task39.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/201...
most of the produced biofuel is used by industries, only about 30% of it is used for transportation purposes;6161 http://task39.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2013/05/The-Potential-of-biofuels-in-China-IEA-Bioenergy-Task-39-September-2016.pdf, accessed in February 2021. http://task39.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/201...
oil companies own 90% of gas stations and they have not encouraged biodiesel use6161 http://task39.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2013/05/The-Potential-of-biofuels-in-China-IEA-Bioenergy-Task-39-September-2016.pdf, accessed in February 2021. http://task39.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/201...
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used cooking oil (UCO)6161 http://task39.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2013/05/The-Potential-of-biofuels-in-China-IEA-Bioenergy-Task-39-September-2016.pdf, accessed in February 2021. http://task39.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/201...
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Japan |
B5 is used in cars, buses and trucks;62 the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) issues licenses for operators to use biodiesel at rates higher than 5% in trucks and buses;6262 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Tokyo_Japan_8-15-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
the use of biodiesel by small-scale power plants and large-scale oil-fired power plants increased from 2016 on6262 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Tokyo_Japan_8-15-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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used cooking oil (UCO)6262 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Tokyo_Japan_8-15-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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India |
the biodiesel distribution in the market remains minimal; the biodiesel share in domestic market will probably grow if a commercially viable support strategy would be developed to boost a sustainable biodiesel industry;6363 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_New%20Delhi_India_6-27-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
the National Biodiesel Mission (NBM) identified jatropha (Jatropha curcas) as the least edible oilseed to be applied in order to reach the 20% biodiesel-addition target set in 2017; however, the target was not reached due to agronomic and economic issues;6363 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_New%20Delhi_India_6-27-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
currently, the policy Biofuels-2018 approved by the government envisages an indicative target of 5% biodiesel in diesel by 20306464 https://www.deccanherald.com/business/business-news/union-budget-2020-what-the-biofuels-industry-expects-798643.html, accessed in February 2021. https://www.deccanherald.com/business/bu...
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used cooking oil (UCO), unusable oil fractions, animal fats and inedible oils6363 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_New%20Delhi_India_6-27-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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Indonesia |
the success in the Indonesian biodiesel blending industry is derived from the biodiesel support program; this was financed by a charge on exports of palm oil and its by-products;6565 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_6-20-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
the Oil Palm Estate Fund (BPDPKS) was launched by presidential ordinance 61/2015 and it is responsible for managing the funding;6565 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_6-20-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
the government plans to expand biodiesel subsidies in order to cover the palm oil-blended fuel consumption by the mining sector;6666 https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1IP18L, accessed in April 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1...
in 2019, Indonesia adopted the B30 programme, which has been expanded from a previous one with 20% bio-content; the government aims start testing for 40% bio-content in the fuel soon6767 https://www.reuters.com/article/indonesia-biodiesel/indonesia-biodiesel-group-says-more-capacity-in-2020-could-help-exports-idUSL4N2A32V4, accessed in February 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/indonesi...
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palm oil6868 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-biodiesel/indonesia-bets-big-on-biodiesel-to-limit-costs-of-oil-imports-idUSKBN1KS0CC, accessed in February 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indon...
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Saudi Arabia |
the economy depends exclusively on its oil sources; therefore, there is no biodiesel production in the country6969 Rehan, M.; Gardy, J.; Demirbas, A.; Rashid, U.; Budzianowski, W. M.; Pant, D.; Nizami, A. S.; Bioresour. Technol. 2018, 250, 17.
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Turkey |
between 2003 and 2006, many biodiesel production facilities were launched in the country;7070 Bölük, G.; Koç, A. A.; Int. J. Energy Econ. Policy 2013, 3, 14; https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Ankara_Turkey_8-13-2010.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
the Turkish Energy Regulatory Agency (EMRA) announced in 2011 biodiesel addition (1%) would be mandatory from 2013 and 2014;7070 Bölük, G.; Koç, A. A.; Int. J. Energy Econ. Policy 2013, 3, 14; https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Ankara_Turkey_8-13-2010.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
however, the Turkish government did not specify any criteria to the initial stages of the biofuel-sector establishment; there also are no incentive programs for encouraging new investments in biodiesel facilities7070 Bölük, G.; Koç, A. A.; Int. J. Energy Econ. Policy 2013, 3, 14; https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Ankara_Turkey_8-13-2010.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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vegetable oil waste7070 Bölük, G.; Koç, A. A.; Int. J. Energy Econ. Policy 2013, 3, 14; https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Ankara_Turkey_8-13-2010.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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Mexico |
the first law on the Promotion and Development of Bioenergetics was put in force in 2008;7171 Coronado, M. A.; Montero, G.; García, C.; Valdez, B.; Ayala, R.; Pérez, A.; Energies 2017, 10, 631.
72 http://www.cedrssa.gob.mx/files/b/13/56Producci%C3%B3n%20y%20comercio%20de%20biocombustibles.pdf, accessed in April 2021. http://www.cedrssa.gob.mx/files/b/13/56P...
-7373 http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LPDB.pdf, accessed in February 2021. http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/...
in 2015, the Law Reform Initiative for the Promotion, Development and Introduction of Renewable Biofuels was issued; it determined the compulsory production and use of biofuels throughout the country;7171 Coronado, M. A.; Montero, G.; García, C.; Valdez, B.; Ayala, R.; Pérez, A.; Energies 2017, 10, 631.
72 http://www.cedrssa.gob.mx/files/b/13/56Producci%C3%B3n%20y%20comercio%20de%20biocombustibles.pdf, accessed in April 2021. http://www.cedrssa.gob.mx/files/b/13/56P...
-7373 http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LPDB.pdf, accessed in February 2021. http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/...
after 2018, all gasoline and diesel sold in gas stations should be added with 5.8% (v v-1) bioethanol and biodiesel, respectively;7171 Coronado, M. A.; Montero, G.; García, C.; Valdez, B.; Ayala, R.; Pérez, A.; Energies 2017, 10, 631.
72 http://www.cedrssa.gob.mx/files/b/13/56Producci%C3%B3n%20y%20comercio%20de%20biocombustibles.pdf, accessed in April 2021. http://www.cedrssa.gob.mx/files/b/13/56P...
-7373 http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LPDB.pdf, accessed in February 2021. http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/...
biofuel additions are expected to increase to E10 and B10 by 20217171 Coronado, M. A.; Montero, G.; García, C.; Valdez, B.; Ayala, R.; Pérez, A.; Energies 2017, 10, 631.
72 http://www.cedrssa.gob.mx/files/b/13/56Producci%C3%B3n%20y%20comercio%20de%20biocombustibles.pdf, accessed in April 2021. http://www.cedrssa.gob.mx/files/b/13/56P...
-7373 http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LPDB.pdf, accessed in February 2021. http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/...
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UCO generated by the food industry7171 Coronado, M. A.; Montero, G.; García, C.; Valdez, B.; Ayala, R.; Pérez, A.; Energies 2017, 10, 631.
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Australia |
B5 is the most common biofuel blend used in Australia;75 in turn, B20 biodiesel is often sold for commercial operations; however, biodiesel-use mandates do not cover the country as whole7575 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Canberra_Australia_8-15-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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animal fats (tallow) and used cooking oil7575 https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Canberra_Australia_8-15-2017.pdf, accessed in February 2021. https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%...
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