Estimating the Electrochemically Active Area: Revisiting a Basic Concept in Electrochemistry

The well-known electrochemical probe Fe(CN)₆^3-/Fe(CN)₆^4- is widely used for estimating the electrochemically active area of electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes, conductive polymers, enzymes, etc. In this study, we used the platinum electrode, smooth or platinized with different roughness factors, to demonstrate that such a redox couple fails to respond to a surface roughness variation. We determined the roughness factors of the Pt surfaces by atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, which yielded values between 2.72 and 25.91. Almost the same values were found by using the charge of the hydrogen monolayer desorption obtained from steady-state cyclic voltammetry experiments performed in an acid medium. They were then compared with those provided by peak current in voltammetry or chronoamperometry with Fe(CN)₆^3-/Fe(CN)₆^4- which all yielded values nearly to one. Such comparison demonstrates that the electrochemical behavior of the redox probe is an outer sphere reaction with a quite small interaction with the electrode surface, thus not being suitable to be related with active areas.

Keywords:
electrochemical area; potassium ferrocyanide; electrode area; cyclic voltammetry; chronoamperometry