Flash Pyrolysis of Oleic Acid as a Model Compound Adsorbed on Supported Nickel Catalysts for Biofuel Production

Fréty, Roger; Santos, Marilia R.; Sales, Renan F.; Silva, Antonio O. S.; Barbosa, Celmy B. M.; Pacheco, Jose G. A.

doi:10.5935/0103-5053.20140270

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Articles • J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 25 (12) • Dec 2014 • https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140270 copy

Flash Pyrolysis of Oleic Acid as a Model Compound Adsorbed on Supported Nickel Catalysts for Biofuel Production

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Flash pyrolysis of oleic acid was studied over 10 wt.% nickel catalysts supported on silica and alumina. The catalysts were impregnated with 10 wt.% oleic acid. The dried precursors and the catalysts containing oleic acid were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. The calcined catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). Samples containing adsorbed oleic acid were submitted to flash pyrolysis up to 650 °C. Whereas pyrolysis of oleic acid without catalyst converted only about 10%, the pyrolysis of oleic acid adsorbed on catalysts allowed practically a complete conversion. NiO/alumina yielded a higher amount of liquid hydrocarbons than NiO/silica. The main products obtained with NiO/silica were 1-alkenes, whereas the main products obtained with NiO/alumina were alkene isomers and aromatics. Small amounts of oxygenated compounds were also observed, principally alcohols. The flash pyrolysis of oleic acid adsorbed on different catalyst surfaces appears as a useful way to distinguish activity trends of different catalyst samples.

flash pyrolysis; biofuel; oleic acid; nickel catalysts

Material	1^st Temperature water release / ºC	1^st Mass loss / %	2^nd Temperature water release / ºC	2^nd Mass loss / %	3^rd Temperature NOx release / ºC	3^rd Mass loss / %
Ni(NO₃)₂.H₂O	30-150	29	150-260	19	260-390	43
Ni nitrate/silica	30-150	65	150-220	9	220-320	18
Ni nitrate/alumina	30-120	39	120-170	4	170-310	30

Catalyst	Reduction temperature / ºC	NiO or Ni crystallite size /nm	Specific surface area / (m² g^-1)	Acidity / (mmol pyridine g^-1)
NiO/silica	-	22.1	308	0.06
NiO/alumina	-	12.5	152	0.15
Ni⁰/silica	340-460	15.0	-	-
Ni⁰/alumina	440-750	9.0	-	-

System	NI area / %	OC area / %	HC area / %
OA	25.30	71.78	3.82
OA/NiO/silica	11.46	8.47	80.07
OA/NiO/alumina	13.50	5.92	78.57

System	SAT area / %	MO area / %	PO area / %	A area / %
OA	0.33	2.59	0.92	0
OA/NiO/silica	10.82	51.19	14.72	3.34
OA/NiO/alumina	6.60	42.30	8.12	21.55

entry	t_R / min	Compound	Formula	NiO/alumina	NiO/silica
1	2.897	Benzene	C₆H₆	2.89	1.28
2	4.783	Toluene	C₇H₈	3.41	0.78
3	8.088	Ethylbenzene	C₈H₁₀	1.24	0.34
4	8.470	m-p-Xylene	C₈H₁₀	0.57	-
5	12.097	Propyl-benzene	C₉H₁₂	0.64	0.31
6	12.436	1-Ethyl-3-methyl-benzene	C₉H₁₂	0.19	-
7	13.188	1-Ethyl-2-methyl-benzene	C₉H₁₂	0.81	-
8	13.140	(1-Methylethyl)-benzene	C₉H₁₂	-	0.15
9	13.968	1-Propenyl-benzene	C₉H₁₀	0.63	-
10	15.053	1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene	C₉H₁₂	0.09	-
11	15.618	Indane	C₉H₁₀	0.25	-
12	16.041	Indene	C₉H₈	0.53	-
13	16.386	1-Methyl-3-propyl-benzene	C₁₀H₁₄	0.13	-
14	16.618	Butyl-benzene	C₁₀H₁₄	0.55	0.28
15	16.990	1-Methyl-4-propyl-benzene	C₁₀H₁₄	0.58	-
16	17.347	(E)-1-Butenyl-benzene	C₁₀H₁₂	0.10	-
17	17.436	1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-benzene	C₁₀H₁₄	0.08	-
18	17.547	1-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-benzene	C₁₀H₁₄	0.09	-
19	17.680	1-Methyl-1,2-propadienyl-benzene	C₁₀H₁₀	0.10	-
20	17.819	1-Phenyl-1-butene	C₁₀H₁₂	0.17	-
21	19.363	(2-Methyl-1-propenyl)-benzene	C₁₀H₁₂	0.17	-
22	19.529	(E)-1-Butenyl-benzene	C₁₀H₁₂	0.07	-
23	19.779	2,4-Dimethylstyrene	C₁₀H₁₂	0.07	-
24	20.083	2,3-Dihydro-4-methyl-1H-indene	C₁₀H₁₂	0.11	-
25	20.197	1,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-benzene	C₁₁H₁₆	0.31	-
26	20.439	3-Methyl-1H-indene	C₁₀H₁₀	0.55	-
27	20.754	1-Methyl-1H-indene	C₁₀H₁₀	0.40	-
28	21.160	1-Methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)-benzene	C₁₁H₁₆	0.56	-
29	21.941	Azulene	C₁₀H₈	0.64	-
30	23.036	(1-Methyl-1-butenyl)-benzene	C₁₁H₁₄	0.09	-
31	23.346	1-Methyl-2-(1-ethylpropyl)-benzene	C₁₂H₁₈	0.10	-
32	23.484	trans-1-Phenyl-1-pentene	C₁₁H₁₄	0.07	-
33	24.046	1-Ethyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)-benzene	C₁₂H₁₈	0.19	-
34	24.846	Hexyl-benzene	C₁₂H₁₈	0.48	0.20
35	25.030	(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-benzene	C₁₂H₁₈	0.62	-
36	25.142	2,3-Dimethyl-1H-indene	C₁₁H₁₂	0.20	-
37	26.756	1-Methyl-naphthalene	C₁₁H₁₀	0.35	-
38	28.625	Heptyl-benzene	C₁₃H₂₀	0.51	-
39	28.738	1-Methyl-2-n-hexylbenzene	C₁₃H₂₀	0.36	-
40	29.806	2-Methyl-1,1'-biphenyl	C₁₃H₁₂	0.19	-
41	30.704	2,3-Dimethyl-naphthalene	C₁₂H₁₂	0.06	-
42	32.159	Octyl-benzene	C₁₄H₂₂	0.41	-
43	32.253	(1-Methylheptyl)-benzene	C₁₄H₂₂	0.25	-
44	35.519	Nonyl-benzene	C₁₅H₂₄	0.55	-
45	35.561	(1-Methyl-nonyl)-benzene	C₁₆H₂₆	0.43	-
46	35.921	Fluorene	C₁₃H₁₂	0.36	-
47	41.672	Undecyl-benzene	C₁₇H₂₈	0.34	-

C number in the alkyl chain	C0	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	Total area / %
OA	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
OA/NiO/silica	1.3	0.8	0.3	0.3	0.3	-	0.2	-	-	-	-	-	3.2
OA/NiO/alumina	2.9	3.4	1.2	0.6	0.5	0.1	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.6	-	0.3	11.0

System	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C17	Total
OA	0.21	-	0.27	0.34	0.25	0.12	0.10	0.08	0.09	0.08	-	0.10	0.07	0.06	0.06	1.83
OA/NiO/silica	-	-	3.71	7.77	3.78	2.38	2.38	1.75	1.79	1.74	1.24	1.54	1.60	0.61	3.21	33.5
OA/NiO/alumina	-	7.13	-	2.48	1.52	1.57	-	0.99	1.59	1.50	1.07	0.84	0.98	0.46	0.60	20.73

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