Evaluation of an Industrial Absorption Process for Carbon Capture Using K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Promoted by Boric Acid

Vasconcelos, Suênia F. de; Carneiro, Lucas O.; Brito, Romildo P.; Brito, Karoline D.

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20220122

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Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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Article • J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 34 (3) • Mar 2023 • https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20220122 copy

Evaluation of an Industrial Absorption Process for Carbon Capture Using K₂CO₃ Promoted by Boric Acid

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Hot potassium carbonate (HPC) process aims to remove the CO₂ present on synthesis gas. This removal is done in an absorption process, where takes place the reaction of CO₂ with a K₂CO₃ solution. This reaction is slow and H₃BO₃ can be used to increase the rate of reaction. The rate-based model is the most suitable way to model the process. This approach uses different correlations to calculate important mass transfer and hydraulic parameters, such as: mass transfer coefficient, interfacial area, and liquid holdup. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of many correlations to represent the HPC process. An automatic procedure was developed to test a high number of equations, using MATLAB and Aspen Plus software. The best set of correlations was found after a comparison with industrial data. Correlations with errors less than 10% for the entire evaluated operating conditions were calculated for mass transfer coefficient and the interfacial area, as well as for liquid holdup.

Keywords:
carbon capture; rate-based model; potassium carbonate; liquid holdup; mass transfer; interfacial area; synthesis gas

Equipment	Calculation routine	Specification
ABS	RateFrac	pressure: 20.7 kgf cm^-2 stages number: 40 packing: structured MELLAPAK 250Y packing column diameter: 2.38 m
STP	RateFrac	pressure: 1.1 kgf cm^-2 stages number: 35 packing: random FLEXIMAX 300 packing column diameter: 1.68 m steam (FSTM) feed stage: 34

Component i	Component j	a_ij	b_ij	c_ij	d_ij	Temperature unit	Pressure unit
CO₂	H₂O	159.2	-8477.7	-21.96	0.0058	°C	bar
N₂	H₂O	164.99	-8432.8	-21.56	-0.0084	°C	bar
O₂	H₂O	144.41	-7775.0	-18.4	-0.0094	°C	bar
CH₄	H₂O	183.78	-9111.7	-25.04	0.00014	°C	bar
C₂H₄	H₂O	152.94	-7959.7	-20.51	0	°C	bar
Ar	H₂O	169.48	-8137.13	-23.25	0.0031	°C	bar
C₂H₆	H₂O	268.43	-13368.1	-37.55	0.0023	°C	bar
C₂H₄O	H₂O	24.5	-3200	0	0	K	Pa
CO₂	C₂H₆O₂	-83.82	2941.4	14.05	0	°C	bar
N₂	C₂H₆O₂	10.21	0	0	0	°C	bar
O₂	C₂H₆O₂	9.89	0	0	0	°C	bar
CH₄	C₂H₆O₂	8.68	0	0	0	°C	bar
C₂H₄	C₂H₆O₂	-1.99	2751.5	0	0	°C	bar
Ar	C₂H₆O₂	8.86	161.1	0	0	°C	bar
C₂H₆	C₂H₆O₂	10.24	-822.03	0	0	°C	bar

Reaction	k₀ / s^-1	Ea / (J kmol^-1)	Reference
9	4.3 × 10¹³	5.5471 × 10⁷	²⁰20 Pinsent, B. R. W.; Pearson, L.; Roughton, F. J. W.; Trans. Faraday Soc. 1956, 52, 1512. [Crossref]
10	2.38 × 10¹⁷	1.23305 × 10⁸	¹⁴14 Aspen Plus, v.10; Aspen Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, 2010.
14	2.195 × 10¹³	6.74 × 10⁷	¹⁹19 Guo, D.; Thee, H.; da Silva, G.; Chen, J.; Fei, W.; Kentish, S.; Stevens, G. W.; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4802. [Crossref]
15	338	7.8994 × 10⁷	²¹21 An, W.; Lin, Z.; Chen, J.; Zhu, J.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2014, 53, 6056. [Crossref]

Reaction	A	B	C	Reference
7	132.899	-13445.9	-22.4773	²²22 Jou, F.-Y.; Mather, A. E.; Otto’, F. D.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev 1982, 21, 539. [Crossref] 23 Jou, F. Y.; Carroll, J. J.; Mather, A. E.; Otto, F. D.; J. Chem. Eng. Data 1993, 38, 75. [Crossref]-²⁴24 Jou, F. -Y; Carroll, J. J.; Mather, A. E.; Otto, F. D.; Can. J. Chem. Eng. 1993, 71, 264. [Crossref]
8	216.049	-12431.7	-35.4819	²²22 Jou, F.-Y.; Mather, A. E.; Otto’, F. D.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev 1982, 21, 539. [Crossref] 23 Jou, F. Y.; Carroll, J. J.; Mather, A. E.; Otto, F. D.; J. Chem. Eng. Data 1993, 38, 75. [Crossref]-²⁴24 Jou, F. -Y; Carroll, J. J.; Mather, A. E.; Otto, F. D.; Can. J. Chem. Eng. 1993, 71, 264. [Crossref]
11	177.6	-10266.5	-28.9	¹⁸18 Smith, K. H.; Anderson, C. J.; Tao, W.; Endo, K.; Mumford, K. A.; Kentish, S. E.; Qader, A.; Hooper, B.; Stevens, G. W.; Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 2012, 10, 64. [Crossref]

Absorption column	Stripper column
Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref] $h_{L} = 0.555 {Fr}_{L}^{1 / 3} (1 + 20 Δ P^{2}) * h_{p} * A_{t}$	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref] $h_{L} = 0.555 {Fr}_{L}^{1 / 3} (1 + 20 Δ P^{2}) * h_{p} * A_{t}$
Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref] $h_{L} = {(\frac{4 F_{t}}{S})}^{2 / 3} {(\frac{3 μ^{L} u_{s}^{L}}{ρ_{t}^{L} g_{e f f} \sin θ})}^{1 / 3} * h_{p}^{*} A_{t}$	Billet et al.¹³13 Billet, R.; Schultes, M.; Chem. Eng. Technol. 1993, 16, 1. [Crossref] $h_{L} = {(\frac{12 μ^{L} a_{p}^{2} u_{s}^{L}}{ρ_{t}^{L} g})}^{1 / 3} * h_{p} * A_{t}$
Billet et al.¹³13 Billet, R.; Schultes, M.; Chem. Eng. Technol. 1993, 16, 1. [Crossref] $h_{L} = {(\frac{12 μ^{L} a_{p}^{2} u_{s}^{L}}{ρ_{t}^{L} g})}^{1 / 3} * h_{p} * A_{t}$

Absorption column	Stripper column
Billet et al.¹³13 Billet, R.; Schultes, M.; Chem. Eng. Technol. 1993, 16, 1. [Crossref] $a^{I} = \frac{1.5}{\sqrt{a_{p} d_{h}}} {(\frac{u_{s}^{L} d_{h} ρ_{t}^{L}}{μ^{L}})}^{- 0.2} {(\frac{{(u_{s}^{L})}^{2} d_{h} ρ_{t}^{L}}{σ})}^{0.75} {(\frac{{(u_{s}^{L})}^{2}}{{g d}_{h}})}^{- 0.45} * a_{p} * h_{p} * A_{t}$	Onda et al.¹⁰10 Onda, K.; Takeuchi, H.; Okumoto, Y.; J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1968, 1, 56. [Crossref] $a^{I} = [1 - \exp (- 1.45 {(\frac{σ_{c}}{σ})}^{0.75} {Re}_{L}^{0.1} {F r}_{L}^{- 0.05} W e L_{L}^{0.2})] * a_{p} * h_{p} * A_{t}$
Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref] $a^{1} = \frac{29.12 {({W e}_{L} {F r}_{L})}^{0.15} S^{0.359}}{{Re}_{L}^{0.2} ε^{0.6} (\sin θ)^{0.3} (1 - 0.93 \cos γ)} * a_{p} * F_{s c} * h_{p} * A_{t}$	Billet et al.¹³13 Billet, R.; Schultes, M.; Chem. Eng. Technol. 1993, 16, 1. [Crossref] $a^{I} = \frac{1.5}{\sqrt{a_{p} d_{h}}} {(\frac{u_{s}^{L} d_{h} ρ_{t}^{L}}{μ^{L}})}^{- 0.2} {(\frac{{(u_{s}^{L})}^{2} d_{h} ρ_{t}^{L}}{σ})}^{0.75} {(\frac{{(u_{s}^{L})}^{2}}{{g d}_{h}})}^{- 0.45} * a_{p} * h_{p} * A_{t}$
Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref] $a^{I} = a_{p}^{} h_{p}^{} A_{t}$	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref] $a^{I} = 19.78 a_{p} {({C a}_{L} {Re}_{V})}^{0.392} * \frac{σ^{0.5}}{h_{p}^{0.4}} * A_{t} * h_{p}$
Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref] $a^{I} = 1.34 {[({W e}_{L}) {({F r}_{L})}^{- 1 / 3}]}^{0.116}$	Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref] $a^{I} = 1.34 {[({W e}_{L}) {({F r}_{L})}^{- 1 / 3}]}^{0.116}$

Absorption column

Stripper column

Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]

\begin{aligned} k_{i, k}^{L} = 2 \sqrt{\frac{D_{i, k}^{L} u_{L e}}{π {S C}_{E}}} \\ k_{r, k}^{v} = 0.054 \frac{D_{l, k}^{v}}{S} {Re}_{v}^{0.8} {S c}_{v, i, k}^{0.333} \end{aligned}

Onda et al.¹⁰10 Onda, K.; Takeuchi, H.; Okumoto, Y.; J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1968, 1, 56. [Crossref]

\begin{matrix} k_{i, k}^{L} = 0.0051 {({Re}_{L}^{'})}^{0.667} {S c}_{L, i, k}^{- 0.5} {(a_{p} d_{p})}^{0.4} {(\frac{μ^{L} g}{ρ_{t}^{L}})}^{0.333} \\ k_{i, k}^{V} = 2 {Re}_{v}^{0.7} {S c}_{V, i, k}^{0.333} a_{p} D_{i, k}^{v} {(a_{p} d_{p})}^{- 2} for d p < 0.015 m \\ k_{i, k}^{V} = 5.23 {Re}_{v}^{0.7} {S c}_{V, i, k}^{0.333} a_{p} D_{i, k}^{V} {(a_{p} d_{p})}^{- 2} for d p > 0.015 m \end{matrix}

Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]

\begin{aligned} k_{i, k}^{L} = 2 \sqrt{\frac{D_{i, k}^{L}}{π t_{L}}} \\ k_{i, k}^{V} = 0.0338 \frac{D_{i, k}^{V}}{d_{e q}} {Re}_{v}^{0.8} {S c}_{v, i, k}^{0.333} \end{aligned}

Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]

\begin{matrix} k_{i, k}^{L} = 0.0051 {({Re}_{L}^{'})}^{0.667} {S c}_{L, i, k}^{- 0.5} {(a_{p} d_{p})}^{0.4} {(\frac{μ^{L} g}{ρ_{t}^{L}})}^{0.333} \\ k_{i, k}^{V} = 2 {Re}_{v}^{0.7} {S c}_{V, i, k}^{0.333} a_{p} D_{i, k}^{v} {(a_{p} d_{p})}^{- 2} for d p < 0.015 m \\ k_{i, k}^{V} = 5.23 {Re}_{v}^{0.7} {S c}_{V, i, k}^{0.333} a_{p} D_{i, k}^{V} {(a_{p} d_{p})}^{- 2} for d p > 0.015 m \end{matrix}

Property	Correlation
Pressure drop in the column	Wallis/Aspen³¹31 Suess, P.; Spiegel, L.; Chem. Eng. Process. 1992, 31, 119. [Crossref]
Heat transfer coefficient	Chilton and Colburn³²32 Stewart, W. E.; AIChE J. 1993, 41, 202. [Crossref]
Flow model	mixed
Density	Rackett, DIPPR³²32 Stewart, W. E.; AIChE J. 1993, 41, 202. [Crossref],³³33 Poling, B. E.; Prausnitz, J. M.; The Properties of Gases and Liquids, vol. 1, 5th ed.; Elsevier: London, UK, 2011.
Viscosity	DIPPR³³33 Poling, B. E.; Prausnitz, J. M.; The Properties of Gases and Liquids, vol. 1, 5th ed.; Elsevier: London, UK, 2011.
Superficial tension	DIPPR³³33 Poling, B. E.; Prausnitz, J. M.; The Properties of Gases and Liquids, vol. 1, 5th ed.; Elsevier: London, UK, 2011.
Binary diffusivity	Nernst-Hartley³³33 Poling, B. E.; Prausnitz, J. M.; The Properties of Gases and Liquids, vol. 1, 5th ed.; Elsevier: London, UK, 2011.
Thermal conductivity	DIPPR and NIST ThermoM³³33 Poling, B. E.; Prausnitz, J. M.; The Properties of Gases and Liquids, vol. 1, 5th ed.; Elsevier: London, UK, 2011.

Combination	ABS column			STP column
Combination	Mass transfer coefficient	Interfacial area	Liquid holdup	Mass transfer coefficient	Interfacial area	Liquid holdup
1	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]	Onda et al.¹⁰10 Onda, K.; Takeuchi, H.; Okumoto, Y.; J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1968, 1, 56. [Crossref]	Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]
2	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Onda et al.¹⁰10 Onda, K.; Takeuchi, H.; Okumoto, Y.; J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1968, 1, 56. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]
3	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]
4	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Billet et al.¹³13 Billet, R.; Schultes, M.; Chem. Eng. Technol. 1993, 16, 1. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]
5	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]
6	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref]	Billet et al.¹³13 Billet, R.; Schultes, M.; Chem. Eng. Technol. 1993, 16, 1. [Crossref]
7	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.³⁵35 Bravo, J. L.; Rocha, J. R.; Fair, J. R.; Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 1992, 1, A489. [Link] accessed in September 2022	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]
8	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Billet et al.¹³13 Billet, R.; Schultes, M.; Chem. Eng. Technol. 1993, 16, 1. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]
9	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.³⁵35 Bravo, J. L.; Rocha, J. R.; Fair, J. R.; Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 1992, 1, A489. [Link] accessed in September 2022	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]
10	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Billet et al.¹³13 Billet, R.; Schultes, M.; Chem. Eng. Technol. 1993, 16, 1. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]
11	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]
12	Bravo et al.³⁵35 Bravo, J. L.; Rocha, J. R.; Fair, J. R.; Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 1992, 1, A489. [Link] accessed in September 2022	Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]	Bravo et al.²⁹29 Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1982, 21, 162. [Crossref]	Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref]	Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref]

Combination	CO₂/K₂CO₃ overall mass transfer coefficient / (kmol h^-1)
1-11 (Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref])	13855.35
12 (Bravo et al.³⁵35 Bravo, J. L.; Rocha, J. R.; Fair, J. R.; Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 1992, 1, A489. [Link] accessed in September 2022)	3715.10

Combination	Interfacial area / m²
1-8 and 12 (Rocha et al.⁷7 Rocha, J. A.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35, 1660. [Crossref])	166.7342
9 (Bravo et al.³⁵35 Bravo, J. L.; Rocha, J. R.; Fair, J. R.; Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 1992, 1, A489. [Link] accessed in September 2022)	36.1409
10 (Billet et al.¹³13 Billet, R.; Schultes, M.; Chem. Eng. Technol. 1993, 16, 1. [Crossref])	59.6639
11 (Tsai et al.³⁰30 Tsai, R. E.; Seibert, A. F.; Eldridge, R. B.; Rochelle, G. T.; AIChE J. 2011, 57, 1173. [Crossref])	149.2431

Combination	Liquid holdup / m³
1-6 and 9-12 (Stichlmair et al.¹¹11 Stichlmair, J.; Bravo, J. L.; Fair, J. R.; Gas Sep. Purif. 1989, 3, 19. [Crossref])	102.19
7 (Bravo et al.³⁵35 Bravo, J. L.; Rocha, J. R.; Fair, J. R.; Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 1992, 1, A489. [Link] accessed in September 2022)	102.19
8 (Billet et al.¹³13 Billet, R.; Schultes, M.; Chem. Eng. Technol. 1993, 16, 1. [Crossref])	102.19

Validation variables	Relative error for the case of low CO₂ production in the reactor / %	Relative error for the case of high CO₂ production in the reactor / %
CO₂ composition	6.32	1.91
Temperature bottom (ABS)	1.68	1.02
Temperature top (ABS)	1.85	2.49
Steam consumption	1.03	0.68
Temperature bottom (STP)	5.06	1.58
Temperature top (STP)	4.02	2.43

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