Internet of Things as a Tool for Sustainable Analytical Chemistry: A Review

Cadeado, Alegre N. S.; Machado, Caio C. S.; Oliveira, Geandre C.; Silva, Daniela A. S e; Muñoz, Rodrigo A. A.; Silva, Sidnei G.

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20220048

Alegre N. S. Cadeado

Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberândia, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Santa Mônica, 38400-902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil

Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Licungo, Quelimane, Moçambique

Alegre N. S. Cadeado is Graduated in Chemistry and Biology, MSc in Chemistry Education / Teaching from the Pedagogical University of Mozambique. He is Professor of Chemistry in the Department of Science and Technology at Licungo University, Quelimane, Mozambique. He is a PhD student in Chemistry at UFU, where he is a member of Prof Silva’s research group. He works with the development of portable devices for colorimetric analysis.

Caio C. S. Machado

Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberândia, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Santa Mônica, 38400-902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil

Caio C. S. Machado is graduated in Industrial Chemistry at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) where he also concluded his MSc and actually is a PhD student at UFU, where he is member of Prof Silva’s research group, developing remoted controlled analytical devices, mainly for point-of-care health monitoring and food control.

Geandre C. Oliveira

Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberândia, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Santa Mônica, 38400-902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil

Geandre C. Oliveira has a degree in Chemistry from the University of Uberaba and is a professor at the Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM). He is currently finishing his doctorate at the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), where he is a member of Prof Silva’s research group. He works with the development of portable devices for colorimetric analysis.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1280-4845

Daniela A. S e Silva

Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberândia, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Santa Mônica, 38400-902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil

Daniela A. S. e Silva is graduated in Chemistry at the Instituto Luterano de Ensino Superior de Itumbiara-GO. She is specialized in Environmental Management and Quality at the Universidade Federal de Goiás. Actually, she is an MSc student at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, where she is member of Prof Silva’s research group, developing remoted controlled analytical devices for environmental monitoring.

Rodrigo A. A. Muñoz

Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberândia, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Santa Mônica, 38400-902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil

Rodrigo A. A. Muñoz is graduated in Chemistry from the University of São Paulo, Brazil (2002), and received his PhD in Analytical Chemistry from the same university in 2006, an internship period at the Oxford University, UK (2005). He completed a postdoctoral research at the Arizona State University (USA) during 2006-2007 and a postdoctoral research at the University of São Paulo during 2007-2008. He is currently Associate Professor of Chemistry at the Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil, Associate Editor of Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society and an affiliate member of the Brazilian Academy of Science. His current research interests focus on electrochemical (bio)sensors and devices, 3D-printing technology and novel materials.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8230-5825

Sidnei G. Silva ^**e-mail: sidgon@ufu.br

Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberândia, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Santa Mônica, 38400-902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil

Sidnei G. Silva is graduated in Chemistry and received his PhD in Analytical Chemistry at Institute of Chemistry of Universidade de São Paulo, an internship period at the Universitat de València, Spain, working with automation in analytical chemistry and optical methods of analysis. He completed a postdoctoral research at the Universidade Federal de São Carlos and at the Wake Forest University (USA). He is Assistant Professor at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. His research is focused on instrumentation in analytical chemistry, optical methods of analysis, sensors for internet of things and related applications.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2035-1153

*e-mail: sidgon@ufu.br

Editor handled this article: Teodoro S. Kaufman

Author Contributions

Alegre N. S. Cadeado, Caio C. S. Machado, Geandre C. Oliveira and Daniela A. S e Silva were responsible for the conceptualization, investigation, methodology, writing original draft; Rodrigo A. A. Muñoz for the conceptualization, data curation, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, resources, writing original draft, writing review and editing; Sidnei G. Silva for the conceptualization, data curation, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, writing original draft, writing review and editing.

Alegre N. S. Cadeado is Graduated in Chemistry and Biology, MSc in Chemistry Education / Teaching from the Pedagogical University of Mozambique. He is Professor of Chemistry in the Department of Science and Technology at Licungo University, Quelimane, Mozambique. He is a PhD student in Chemistry at UFU, where he is a member of Prof Silva’s research group. He works with the development of portable devices for colorimetric analysis.

Caio C. S. Machado is graduated in Industrial Chemistry at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) where he also concluded his MSc and actually is a PhD student at UFU, where he is member of Prof Silva’s research group, developing remoted controlled analytical devices, mainly for point-of-care health monitoring and food control.

Geandre C. Oliveira has a degree in Chemistry from the University of Uberaba and is a professor at the Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM). He is currently finishing his doctorate at the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), where he is a member of Prof Silva’s research group. He works with the development of portable devices for colorimetric analysis.

Daniela A. S. e Silva is graduated in Chemistry at the Instituto Luterano de Ensino Superior de Itumbiara-GO. She is specialized in Environmental Management and Quality at the Universidade Federal de Goiás. Actually, she is an MSc student at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, where she is member of Prof Silva’s research group, developing remoted controlled analytical devices for environmental monitoring.

Rodrigo A. A. Muñoz is graduated in Chemistry from the University of São Paulo, Brazil (2002), and received his PhD in Analytical Chemistry from the same university in 2006, an internship period at the Oxford University, UK (2005). He completed a postdoctoral research at the Arizona State University (USA) during 2006-2007 and a postdoctoral research at the University of São Paulo during 2007-2008. He is currently Associate Professor of Chemistry at the Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil, Associate Editor of Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society and an affiliate member of the Brazilian Academy of Science. His current research interests focus on electrochemical (bio)sensors and devices, 3D-printing technology and novel materials.

Sidnei G. Silva is graduated in Chemistry and received his PhD in Analytical Chemistry at Institute of Chemistry of Universidade de São Paulo, an internship period at the Universitat de València, Spain, working with automation in analytical chemistry and optical methods of analysis. He completed a postdoctoral research at the Universidade Federal de São Carlos and at the Wake Forest University (USA). He is Assistant Professor at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. His research is focused on instrumentation in analytical chemistry, optical methods of analysis, sensors for internet of things and related applications.

Type of resource	Remarks	Reference
Books and video lessons	trial account in order to download books and video	¹⁸18 O’Reilly, https://www.oreilly.com, accessed in March 2022. https://www.oreilly.com...
	a free book for Arduino	¹⁹19 Introduction to Arduino; http://www.introtoarduino.com/downloads/IntroArduinoBook.pdf, accessed in March 2022. http://www.introtoarduino.com/downloads/...
	inspired by the teachings of prototyping laboratory	²⁰20 Open Softwear, http://softwear.cc/book/files/Open_Softwear-beta090712.pdf, accessed in March 2022. http://softwear.cc/book/files/Open_Softw...
	a list of free Raspberry Pi e-books	²¹21 Magpi Raspberry Pi, https://magpi.raspberrypi.com/books, accessed in March 2022. https://magpi.raspberrypi.com/books...
Tutorial	with some free courses	²²22 Udemy, https://www.udemy.com, accessed in March 2022. https://www.udemy.com...
Tutorial	with some free courses	²³23 Programming Electronics Academy, https://www.programmingelectronics.com/, accessed in March 2022. https://www.programmingelectronics.com/...
Where to buy		²⁴24 RS, www.rs-online.com, accessed in March 2022. www.rs-online.com...
		²⁵25 Sparkfun, https://www.sparkfun.com/, accessed in March 2022. https://www.sparkfun.com/...
		²⁶26 Adafruit, https://www.adafruit.com, accessed in March 2022. https://www.adafruit.com...
		²⁷27 Conrad, https://www.conrad.com, accessed in March 2022. https://www.conrad.com...
		²⁸28 Filipe Flop, https://www.filipeflop.com/, accessed in March 2022. https://www.filipeflop.com/...
Forum and code library		²⁹29 Raspberry Pi Forums, https://forums.raspberrypi.com/, accessed in March 2022. https://forums.raspberrypi.com/...
		³⁰30 Arduino Forum, https://forum.arduino.cc/, accessed in March 2022. https://forum.arduino.cc/...
		³¹31 Git Hub, https://github.com/, accessed in March 2022. https://github.com/...
		³²32 Instructables, https://www.instructables.com/, accessed in March 2022. https://www.instructables.com/...

Wireless connection	Technique	Analyte	Board	Reference
-	photometry	Zn^II	Arduino Due	⁴²42 Santos, G. F.; Reis, F. B.; Microchem. J. 2021, 163, 105918. [Crossref]
-	photometry	SO₄²2 Axon, S.; James, D.; Curr. Opin. Green Sustainable Chem. 2018, 13, 140. [Crossref]-	Arduino Due	⁴³43 Lima, M. J. A.; Kamogawa, M. Y.; Reis, B. F.; Microchem. J. 2019, 145, 921. [Crossref]
-	photometry	NO₃^-	Arduino Mega	⁴⁴44 Khanfar, M. F.; Al-Faqheri, W.; Al-Halhouli, A.; Sensors 2017, 17, 2345. [Crossref]
	photometry/colorimetry	antioxidant (tea infusion)	Arduino	⁴⁵45 Grazioli, C.; Faura, G.; Dossi, N.; Toniolo, R.; Abate, M.; Terzi, F.; Bontempelli, G.; Microchem. J. 2020, 159, 105584. [Crossref]
HC-05	photometry	oxalate	Arduino	⁴⁶46 Machado, C. C. S.; Petruci, J. F. S.; Silva, S. G.; Microchem. J. 2021, 168, 106466. [Crossref]
-	photometry/fluorimetry	orthophosphate	Arduino Mega 2560	⁴⁷47 Bzura, J.; Fiedoruk-Pogrebniak, M.; Koncki, R.; Talanta 2018, 190, 193. [Crossref]
	fluorimetry	rhodamine dyes	Arduino	⁴⁸48 Hossain, M. A.; Canning, J.; Yu, Z.; Ast, S.; Rutledge, P. J.; Wong, J. K. H.; Jamalipour, A.; Crossley, M. J.; Analyst 2017, 142, 1953. [Crossref]
-	fluorimetry	Hg²⁺	Arduino	⁴⁹49 Daniel, S. C. G. K.; Kumar, A.; Sivasakthi, K.; Thakur, C. S.; Sens. Actuators, B 2019, 290, 73. [Crossref]
-	fluorimetry	Cu²⁺	Arduino Uno R3	⁵⁰50 Ng, S. M.; Wong, D. S. N.; Phung, J. H. C.; Chua, H. S.; Talanta 2013, 116, 514. [Crossref]
-	fluorimetry	quercetin (QC-Y³⁺)	Arduino	⁵¹51 Nghia, N. N.; Huy, B. T.; Lee, Y. I.; Analyst 2020, 145, 3376. [Crossref]
-	fluorimetry	HCN	Arduino Mega	⁵²52 Greenawald, L. A.; Boss, G. R.; Snyder, J. L.; Reeder, A.; Bell, S.; ACS Sens. 2017, 2, 1458. [Crossref]
	fluorimetry	2,4-DNT	Arduino	⁵³53 Gillanders, R. N.; Samuel, I. D. W.; Turnbull, G. A.; Sens. Actuators, B 2017, 245, 334. [Crossref]
-	fluorimetry and colorimetry	Fe^III, Co^II, Hg^II, Sn^II	Arduino Uno	⁵⁴54 Heo, G.; Manivannan, R.; Kim, H.; Kim, M. J.; Min, K. S.; Son, Y.-A.; Sens. Actuators, B 2019, 297, 126723. [Crossref]
-	colorimetry	Ni^II	Arduino Uno R3	⁵⁵55 Maejima, K.; Hiruta, Y.; Citterio, D.; Anal. Chem. 2020, 92, 4749. [Crossref]
-	colorimetry	cyanide	Arduino Uno	⁵⁶56 Singh, H.; Singh, G.; Mahajan, D. K.; Kaur, N.; Singh, N.; Sens. Actuators, B 2020, 322, 128622. [Crossref]
-	colorimetry	Pb²⁺	Arduino Uno	⁵⁷57 de Morais, C. L. M.; Carvalho, J. C.; Sant´Anna, C.; Eugênio, M.; Gasparotto, L. H. S.; Lima, K. M. G.; Anal. Methods 2015, 7, 7917. [Crossref]
-	chemiluminescence	H₂O₂	Arduino Due	⁵⁸58 Brandão, E. G.; Perdigão, S. R. W.; Reis, B. F.; Microchem. J. 2021, 171, 106789. [Crossref]
-	laser-scattering	proteins	Arduino Leonardo	⁵⁹59 Strzelak, K.; Malasuk, C.; Oki, Y.; Morita, K.; Ishimatsu, R.; Microchem. J. 2020, 157, 104936. [Crossref]
-	photothermal	Fe^II	Arduino A Mega 2560	⁶⁰60 Cabrera, H.; Akbar, J.; Korte, D.; Ramírez-Miquet, E. E.; Marín, E.; Niemela, J.; Ebrahimpour, Z.; Mannatunga, K.; Franko, M.; Talanta 2018, 183, 158. [Crossref]
HC-05	amperometry	uric acid, hydrochlorothiazide, ascorbic acid	Arduino Nano	⁶¹61 Agustini, D.; Fedalto, L.; Agustini, D.; dos Santos, L. G. M.; Banks, C. E.; Bergamini, M. F.; Marcolino-Junior, L. H.; Sens. Actuators, B 2020, 304, 127117. [Crossref]
Bluetooth module	voltammetry	dopamine	Arduino Mega 2560	⁶²62 Shen, X.; Ju, F.; Li, G.; Ma, L.; Sensors 2020, 20, 2781. [Crossref]
-	voltammetry / chronoamperometry	H₂O₂	Arduino Uno	⁶³63 Gao, W.; Luo, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Cui, Y.; Sens. Actuators Rep. 2021, 3, 100045. [Crossref]
ESP32	voltammetry/amperometry	glucose	ESP32	⁶⁴64 Mercer, C.; Bennett, R.; Conghaile, P.; Rusling, J. F.; Leech, D.; Sens. Actuators, B 2019, 290, 616. [Crossref]
Wi-Fi module	voltammetry	ferricyanide	Arduino Uno	⁶⁵65 Meloni, G. N.; J. Chem. Educ. 2016, 93, 1320. [Crossref]
HC-06	impedance	volatile organic compounds	Arduino board	⁶⁶66 Liu, L.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, X.; Xu, G.; Lu, Y.; Liu, Q.; Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017, 93, 94. [Crossref]
HC-05	impedance	prostate specific antigen	ATmega328P	⁶⁷67 Khan, M. S.; Dighe, K.; Wang, Z.; Srivastava, I.; Daza, E.; Schwartz-Dual, A. S.; Ghannam, J.; Misra, S. K.; Pan, D.; Analyst 2018, 143, 1094. [Crossref]
HC-06	impedance	2,4,6-trinitrotoluene	Arduino uno	⁶⁸68 Zhang, D.; Jiang, J.; Chen, J.; Zhang, Q.; Lu, Y.; Yao, Y.; Li, S.; Liu, G. L.; Liu, Q.; Biosens. Bioelectron. 2015, 70, 81. [Crossref]
	electroanalytical	ferricyanide	RFduino	⁶⁹69 Ainla, A.; Mousavi, M. P. S.; Tsaloglou, M. N.; Redston, J.; Bell, J. G.; Fernández-Abedul, M. T.; Whitesides, G. M.; Anal. Chem. 2018, 90, 6240. [Crossref]
-	electrophoresis	K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Li⁺, NH₄⁺	Arduino Nano	⁷⁰70 Itterheimová, P.; Foret, F.; Kubáň, P.; Anal. Chim. Acta 2021, 1153, 338294. [Crossref]

Principle	Detection principle	Analyte	Raspberry Pi model	Reference
Optical technique
Enzyme kinetic constants calculated directly from paper	µPad color intensity detection (Raspberry Pi camera)	-	Raspberry Pi 2 model B	⁷²72 Boehle, K. E.; Doan, E.; Henry, S.; Beveridge, J. R.; Pallickara, S. L.; Henry, C. S.; Anal. Methods 2018, 10, 5282. [Crossref]
Nanohole array-based biosensing platform	surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi)	Escherichia coli	Raspberry Pi 3 model B	⁷³73 Gomez-Cruz, J.; Nair, S.; Manjarrez-Hernandez, A.; Gavilanes-Parra, S.; Ascanio, G.; Escobedo, C.; Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018, 106, 105. [Crossref]
Electronic eye (EE) for qualitatively discriminating of tequila	image sensors	-	Raspberry Pi 3 model B	⁷⁴74 Gómez, A.; Bueno, D.; Gutiérrez, J. M.; Biosensors 2021, 11, 68. [Crossref]
Point-of-care testing using a smartphone and a Raspberry Pi	image sensors	progesterone	Raspberry Pi 3 model B	⁷⁵75 Jang, H.; Ahmed, S. R.; Neethirajan, S.; Sensors 2017, 17, 1079. [Crossref]
Microfluidic biosensor	image sensor	Salmonella typhimurium	Raspberry Pi 4B	⁷⁶76 Qi, W.; Zheng, L.; Wang, S.; Huang, F.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, H.; Lin, J.; Biosens. Bioelectron. 2021, 178, 113020. [Crossref]
Enzymatic method based on Colilert reagent	colorimetry and fluorometry	Escherichia coli and total coliform	Raspberry Pi 3 model B	⁷⁷77 Tok, S.; de Haan, K.; Tseng, D.; Usanmaz, C. F.; Koydemir, H. C.; Ozcan, A.; Lab Chip 2019, 19, 2925. [Crossref]
Antioxidant capacity measurements by DPPH assay	photometry	antioxidant activity	Raspberry Pi B+	⁷⁸78 Tonelli, A.; Candiani, A.; Sozzi, M.; Zucchelli, A.; Foresti, R.; Dall’Asta, C.; Selleri, S.; Cucinotta, A.; Sens. Actuators, B 2019, 282, 559. [Crossref]
Different approaches for data acquisition using the Raspberry Pi camera	photometry	reactive oxygen metabolites	Raspberry Pi 3 model B	⁷⁹79 Tonelli, A.; Mangia, V.; Candiani, A.; Pasquali, F.; Mangiaracina, T. J.; Grazioli, A.; Sozzi, M.; Gorni, D.; Bussolati, S.; Cucinotta, A.; Basini, G.; Selleri, S.; Sensors 2021, 21, 3552. [Crossref]
Predict some physiochemical content for petroleum classification	fluorescence	-	Raspberry Pi 3B+	⁸⁰80 Bills, M. V.; Loh, A.; Sosnowski, K.; Nguyen, B. T.; Ha, S. Y.; Yim, U. H.; Yoon, J.-Y.; Biosens. Bioelectron. 2020, 159, 112193. [Crossref]
Amiloride fluorescence emission after UV-LED excitation	fluorescence	amiloride	Raspberry Pi 3 model B	⁸¹81 Chen, W.; Xiong, Y.; Wang, W.; Wu, T.; Li, L.; Kang, Q.; Du, Y.; Talanta 2019, 203, 77. [Crossref]
Sensor system to monitor the uptake of oxygen by mammalian cells	phosphorescence	oxygen	camera Raspberry Pi	⁸²82 Bunge, F.; van den Driesche, S.; Waespy, M.; Radtke, A.; Belge, G.; Kelm, S.; Waite, A. M.; Mirastschijski, U.; Vellekoop, M. J.; Sens. Actuators, B 2019, 289, 24. [Crossref]
Electroanalytical
Nickel modified screen-printed electrode	amperometry	cortisol	-	⁸³83 Gevaerd, A.; Watanabe, E. Y.; Belli, C.; Marcolino-Junior, L. H.; Bergamini, M. F.; Sens. Actuators, B 2021, 332, 129532. [Crossref]
Pt-decorated WO₃ nanoparticles onto an electrode pattern	metal oxide semiconductor sensors	H₂	Raspberry Pi 2	⁸⁴84 Järvinen, T.; Lorite, G. S.; Rautio, A. R.; Juhász, K. L.; Kukovecz, Á.; Kónya, Z.; Kordas, K.; Toth, G.; Sens. Actuators, B 2017, 252, 983. [Crossref]
Detection of volatile compounds	electrochemical gas sensors	ammonia, amines, alcohol, CO₂ and acetone	Raspberry Pi	⁸⁵85 Alvarez, C. S.; Sierra-Sosa, D.; Garcia-Zapirain, B.; Yoder-Himes, D.; Elmaghraby, A.; Sensors 2019, 19, 1523. [Crossref]
Separation technique
Monitor the spectral separation of food dyes of different colors	Office Chromatography (OC) - OCLab2	steviol glycoside	Raspberry Pi 4B	⁸⁶86 Schade, F.; Schwack, W.; Demirbas, Y.; Morlock, G. E.; Anal. Chim. Acta 2021, 1174, 338702. [Crossref]
Monitoring of dynamic chemical processes	GC-MS	volatile organic molecules	-	⁷¹71 Ting, H.; Hu, J. B.; Hsieh, K. T.; Urban, P. L.; Anal. Methods 2014, 6, 4652. [Crossref]
Miniaturized capillary flow-through deep-UV absorbance detector	briefcase-sized portable capillary HPLC system	13 organic compounds	Raspberry Pi 3 model B	⁸⁷87 Lam, S. C.; Coates, L. J.; Gupta, V.; Wirth, H. J.; Gooley, A. A.; Haddad, P. R.; Paull, B.; J. Chromatogr. A 2020, 1631, 461540. [Crossref]
A low-cost, open-source digital strip chart recorder for chromatographic detectors		-	Raspberry Pi 3 model B	⁸⁸88 Foster, S. W.; Alirangues, M. J.; Naese, J. A.; Constans, E.; Grinias, J. P.; J. Chromatogr. A 2019, 1603, 396. [Crossref]

[1] *e-mail: sidgon@ufu.br

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Internet of Things as a Tool for Sustainable Analytical Chemistry: A Review