Differences in the Chemical Composition of Melon (<i>Cucumis melo</i> L.) Nectar Explain Flower Gender Preference by Its Pollinator, <i>Apis mellifera</i>

Fernandes, Nayanny S.; Luz, Lícia R.; Alves Filho, Elenilson G.; Aragão, Fernando Antonio S. de; Zocolo, Guilherme J.; Freitas, Breno M.

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20230010

Nayanny S. Fernandes

project administration

conceptualization

analysis

investigation

methodology and writing original draft

# These authors contributed equally to this work.

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Blocos 808, 809 e 810, 60356-000 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1304-569X

Lícia R. Luz

chemical characterization and chemical analysis

# These authors contributed equally to this work.

Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, 60451-970 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

Elenilson G. Alves Filho

chemometric analysis

analyzed the experimental results

revised the manuscript

writing-review and editing

# These authors contributed equally to this work.

Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Blocos 857 e 858, 60356-000 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

Fernando Antonio S. de Aragão

supervise and conceptualization experiments

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita, 2270, Pici, 60020-181 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4041-7375

Guilherme J. Zocolo ^**e-mail: guilherme.zocolo@embrapa.br

project administration

analyzed the experimental results

revised the manuscript

writing-review and editing

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita, 2270, Pici, 60020-181 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-0184

Breno M. Freitas

project administration

analyzed the experimental results

revised the manuscript

writing-review and editing

Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Blocos 808, 809 e 810, 60356-000 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

*e-mail: guilherme.zocolo@embrapa.br

#
These authors contributed equally to this work.

Editor handled this article: Paulo Cezar Vieira

Figures (3)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1
Overlay of chromatograms acquired on UPLC-HRMS of all types and genera of melon (a). In part (b) we have the representation of the general chromatographic profiles stacked separately for each type and gender of melon where nectar was collected from male, female and hermaphrodite flowers of five commercial types of melon acquired in UPLC-HRMS in positive ionization mode.

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Figure 2
PCA biplot of nectar from YE: Yellow (black), CA: Cantaloupe (red), CH: Charentais (blue), GA: Galia (green), and PS: Piel de sapo (orange) melons, considering the flower gender: male in circles, female in triangles, and hermaphrodite in squares. The axes referred to scores are overwritten by letter “a” with percentage values of the explained variance on each principal component, and the axes overwritten by letter “a” are referred to loadings represented by vectors from the origin: 0.96 min: sucrose isomers; 1.55: adenosine; 2.09: phenylalanine; 2.71: tryptophan; 3.55: isoorientin-2’-O-glucoside; 4.23: kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside; 4.6: luteolin hexoside; 5.13: kaempferol rhamnoside.

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Figure 3
Relative concentrations of the organic compounds in the chromatograms according to the melon type (YE: Yellow, CH: Charentais, GA: Galia, CA: Cantaloupe, and PS: Piel de sapo) and flower gender (hermaphrodite in green, and male in blue color). KaeHes: kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside; LutHex: luteolin hexoside; KaeRha: kaempferol rhamnoside.

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Table 1
Statistical parameters from the multivariate classification models regarding the gender of the flower and type of melon and regression model for bee visitation using 3 LV

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Table 2
The real number of bee visits to male (M) and hermaphrodite (H) flowers from different types of melons and the predicted bees visitation based on the prediction model, with the regression coefficient (r²2 Freitas, B. M.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L.; Medina, L. M.; Kleinert, A. D. M. P.; Galetto, L.; Nates-Parra, G.; Quezada-Euán, J. J. G.; Apidologie 2009, 40, 332. [Crossref]
Crossref... ) of 0.96 and the respective standard deviation

Model	3 LV^a a Total variance refers to three latent variables (LV1 + LV2 + LV3); broot mean square error of calibration; ccoefficient of correlation between the real and predicted bees visit during the calibration; droot mean square error of cross-validation; ecoefficient of correlation between the real and predicted bees visitation during the validation; froot mean square error of prediction; gcoefficient of correlation between the real and predicted bees visitation during the prediction. / %	RMSEC^b	r²cal^c	RMSECV^d	r²val^e	RMSEP^f	r²pred^g
Flower gender	82	0.304	0.82	0.647	0.32	-	-
Melon type	21	1.170	0.21	2.693	0.00	-	-
Bee visitation	96	1.888	0.96	4.260	0.82	1.888	0.96

Melon type (flower gender)	Real visitation	Predicted visitation (r²2 Freitas, B. M.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L.; Medina, L. M.; Kleinert, A. D. M. P.; Galetto, L.; Nates-Parra, G.; Quezada-Euán, J. J. G.; Apidologie 2009, 40, 332. [Crossref] Crossref... = 0.96)	Deviation^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.
YE (M)	37^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	39^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	4.0
YE (H)	49^b	47^b	2.3
CA (M)	46^c	43^c	3.6
CA (H)	61^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	61^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	2.9
CH (M)	30^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	31^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	3.2
CH (H)	43^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	43^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	3.1
GA (M)	32^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	34^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	2.7
GA (H)	45^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	43^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	3.2
PS (M)	38^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	36^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	2.9
PS (H)	53^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	56^a a Express the uncertainty of the prediction estimated as a function of the global model error, samples leverage, and the residuals X-variance. Same overwritten letters in the lines represent the statistical equality between the values used to develop the model and from prediction. YE: Yellow; CA: Cantaloupe; CH: Charentais; GA: Galia; PS: Piel de Sapo.	2.8

[1] *e-mail: guilherme.zocolo@embrapa.br

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Differences in the Chemical Composition of Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Nectar Explain Flower Gender Preference by Its Pollinator, Apis mellifera