A mild procedure for <FONT FACE=Symbol>a,a</FONT>-dichlorination of cyclic aryl ketones using commercial bleach

Abstracts

<FONT FACE=Symbol>a,a</FONT>-Dichloro-cyclic aryl ketones were obtained treating a methanolic solution of the corresponding ketone with commercial bleach at ambient conditions in yields varying from 61 to 92%. Electron-donating and -withdrawing groups in the starting ketone are tolerated but the reaction appears to be sensitive to steric effects. Moreover, five-, six-, and seven-membered aryl-cycloalkanones can be used as substrate.

bleach; tetralones; ketones; chlorination

Aril cetonas cíclicas <FONT FACE=Symbol>a,a</FONT>-dicloradas foram obtidas pelo tratamento de uma solução metanólica da correspondente cetona com cândida comercial em condições ambiente com rendimentos que variaram de 61 a 92%. A reação ocorre em cetonas contendo tanto grupos doadores quanto retiradores de elétrons, mas parece ser sensível a efeitos estéricos. Além disso, aril-cicloalcanonas com anéis de cinco, seis e sete membros podem ser utilizadas como substrato.

SHORT REPORT

A mild procedure for a,a-dichlorination of cyclic aryl ketones using commercial bleach

Samir A. P. Quintiliano; Luiz F. Silva Jr.^*

Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05513-970 São Paulo-SP, Brazil

ABSTRACT

a,a-Dichloro-cyclic aryl ketones were obtained treating a methanolic solution of the corresponding ketone with commercial bleach at ambient conditions in yields varying from 61 to 92%. Electron-donating and -withdrawing groups in the starting ketone are tolerated but the reaction appears to be sensitive to steric effects. Moreover, five-, six-, and seven-membered aryl-cycloalkanones can be used as substrate.

Keywords: bleach, tetralones, ketones, chlorination

RESUMO

Aril cetonas cíclicas a,a-dicloradas foram obtidas pelo tratamento de uma solução metanólica da correspondente cetona com cândida comercial em condições ambiente com rendimentos que variaram de 61 a 92%. A reação ocorre em cetonas contendo tanto grupos doadores quanto retiradores de elétrons, mas parece ser sensível a efeitos estéricos. Além disso, aril-cicloalcanonas com anéis de cinco, seis e sete membros podem ser utilizadas como substrato.

Introduction

Over the last decades, a,a-dichloroketones have been used as substrate in several reactions in synthetic organic chemistry, including important steps in the synthesis of natural products.¹ Thus, several methods have been developed for the preparation of a,a-dichloroketones, where the most used is the direct dichlorination of the corresponding ketone. This transformation has been performed with cyclic aryl ketones in a variety of different forms, using: i) Cl₂ in CH₂Cl₂² or in DMF;³ii) thionyl chloride in CCl₄;⁴iii) thionyl chloride followed treatment with H₂O₂;⁵iv) sulfuryl chloride;⁶v) 2-chloropyridazin-3(2H)-one in CH₂Cl₂ in the presence of H₂SO₄;⁷vi) manganese(III) acetate in boiling AcOH in the presence of LiCl;⁸vii) FeCl₃ in a mixture of AcOH/H₂O;⁹ and viii) copper(II) chloride in DMF¹⁰ or in acetonitrile.¹¹ In this scenario, we herein present a simple and mild procedure to obtain several a,a-dichloro cyclic aryl ketones using commercial bleach, at room temperature and without the control of the pH, showing the influence of alkyl, electron donating- and electron-withdrawing groups, as well as the ring size of the substrate. Bleach is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly reagent that has a number of applications, including the chlorolactonization of b- and g-unsaturated carboxylic acids,¹² the oxidation of alcohols,¹³ as co-oxidant in TEMPO-catalyzed oxidations,¹⁴ and the dichlorination of dicarbonylic compounds in AcOH/Me₂CO at 0 ºC.¹⁵ During the development of this work, a patent by Kumamoto et al.,¹⁶ reported the use of bleach for the a,a-dichlorination of a single ketone, namely 5-nitro-1-tetralone, at 50 ºC and keeping the pH of the solution around 10.

Results and Discussion

When bleach was added to a methanolic solution of 1-tetralone (1) at room temperature, 2,2-dichloro-1-tetralone was obtained in 90% yield (Table 1, entry 1). The reaction is very clean, with no side reactions. Indeed, the NMR of the crude product does not show the presence of any impurity. Furthermore, the haloform reaction, that could be a side reaction,¹⁷ was not observed. Presumably, this transformation occurs by the reaction of the enolate of the ketone with a chloro-containing species in solution, such as chlorine or ClOH. Next, the same protocol was applied to other ketones. Treating tetralones containing an electron-donating substituent in the aromatic ring, such as 2-4 with bleach gave, respectively, the corresponding a,a-dichlorinated products 9-11, in high yields (entries 2-4). The reaction of 7-nitro-1-tetralone (5) led also to the desired product, although in lower yield than the other tetralones (compare entry 5 with entries 1-4). Thus, the presence of an electron-withdrawing group has some influence in the reactivity, which agrees with the result of Kumamoto et al.¹⁶ that performed the chlorination of a similar ketone at 50 ºC. The influence of alkyl groups was then investigated. The reaction of 4-methyl-1-tetralone (6) with bleach afforded the dichlorinated product in good yield (entry 6). However, when 2-methyl-1-tetralone (7) was treated with bleach only 33% of the starting material was converted to the product even after 4 days of reaction time (entry 7). In summary, tetralones can be dichlorinated in an efficient manner. Electron-donating and withdrawing groups are tolerated but the reaction appears to be sensitive to steric effects.

The reactivity of a cyclohexanone was also investigated. When 4-t-butylcyclohexanone was treated with bleach in conditions similar to that presented above, no reaction was observed. The different behavior between the alkyl and the aryl ketones may be explained by the difference of the acidity of the a-hydrogen, where the pKa value of aryl ketones (pK_a of 1-tetralone in DMSO: 24.7¹⁸) is nearly two units lower than that of the corresponding alkyl ketone (pK_a of cyclohexanone in DMSO: 26.4¹⁹).

The effect of the ring size was examined for ketones with a five- and a seven-membered ring. The reaction of 1-indanone and of 1-benzosuberone (15 and 16, respectively) with bleach gave the expected dichloro ketones in 61 and 64% yield, respectively (Table 2). Although still good, these yields are clearly lower than that obtained for the six-membered ring ketone 1.

Conclusions

In conclusion, a simple, cheap and efficient method for the preparation of a,a-dichlorinated ketones from readily available cyclic aryl ketones and commercial bleach was developed. This protocol avoids the use of hazardous material and/or difficult procedures.

Experimental

The reactions were carried out using Daclor^® commercial bleach (pH 12, 2.0-2.2% of chlorine). The aryl ketones, besides 7-nitro-1-tetralone,²⁰ are commercially available. Melting points were determined on a Büchi Melting Point B-545 and are uncorrected. Shimadzu GC-2010 was used to monitor the progress of the reactions. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker spectrometers. IR spectra were measured on a Perkin-Elmer 1750 FT. High resolution mass spectra were performed on a VG Autospec/Fission Instrument and MicroTOF LC from Bruker Daltonics. Although the crude products were often obtained quite pure, analytical pure substances could be obtained by flash chromatography using silica-gel Acros 200-400 Mesh (30% AcOEt in hexanes).

2,2-Dichloro-1-tetralone (8). General procedure for the preparation of the dichlorinated ketones

To a stirred solution of 1 (0.045 g, 0.31 mmol) in MeOH (0.8 mL) at rt was added commercial household bleach portionwise (4.5 mL). The solution turned white. After 6 h, H₂O was added and the aqueous mixture was extracted 3 times with Et₂O (30 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhyd MgSO₄ and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure affording 2 (0.059 g, 0.28 mmol, 90%), as a white powder (mp 76.2-77.0 ºC; lit.:²¹ 76 ºC).

2,2-Dichloro-7-methoxy-1-tetralone (9)

The preparation was performed as above but using 2 (0.036 g, 0.20 mmol), MeOH (0.4 mL) and bleach (2.5 mL) giving 9 (0.045 g, 0.18 mmol, 92%) as a white powder; mp 92.7-94.1 ºC; IR (KBr) n_max/cm^-1: 1702, 1025, 709; ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃) d 2.93 (t, J 5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.13 (t, J 5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 7.14-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, J 2.2 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃) d 26.6, 43.4, 55.5, 86.3, 111.2, 123.2, 129.0, 129.9, 134.8, 158.8, 183.9; LRMS (EI) m/z (rel. int.) 244 (M⁺, 25%), 209 (24), 120 (100); Anal. calc. for C₁₁H₁₀Cl₂O₂ : C, 53.90; H, 4.11. Found: C, 54.33; H,4.07.

2,2-Dichloro-6-methoxy-1-tetralone (10)

The preparation was performed as above but using 3 (0.036 g, 0.20 mmol), MeOH (0.4 mL) and bleach (2.5 mL) giving 10 (0.045 g, 0.18 mmol, 92%) as a white powder (mp 84.4-86.2 ºC; lit.:⁴ 85-87 ºC).

2,2-Dichloro-5-methoxy-1-tetralone (11)

The preparation was performed as above but using 4 (0.051 g, 0.29 mmol), MeOH (0.5 mL) and bleach (2.9 mL) giving 11 (0.058 g, 0.24 mmol, 82%) as a pale yellow oil.⁶

2,2-Dichloro-7-nitro-1-tetralone (12)

The preparation was performed as above but using 5 (0.115 g, 0.60 mmol), MeOH (1.2 mL) and bleach (7.2 mL) giving 12 (0.104 g, 0.40 mmol, 67%) as a pale yellow solid (mp 118.6.-120.2 ºC); IR (KBr) n_max/cm^-1: 1711, 1526, 635; ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃) d 3.05 (t, J 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (t, J 6.1 Hz), 7.57 (d, J 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (dd, J 8.3 and 2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.93 (d, J 2.6 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃) d 27.5, 42.1, 85.0, 124.8, 128.2, 129.3, 130.5, 147.3, 148.5, 182.2; LRMS: m/z (rel. int.) 259 (M⁺, 5%), 163 (100), 115 (20); Anal. calc. for C₁₀H₇Cl₂NO₃ : C, 46.18; H, 2.71; N, 5.39. Found: C, 46.43; H, 2.89; N, 5.09.

2,2-Dichloro-4-methyl-1-tetralone (13)

The preparation was performed as above but using 6 (0.086 g, 0.54 mmol), MeOH (1.0 mL) and bleach (5.0 mL) giving 13 (0.101 g, 0.44 mmol, 82%), as a colorless oil; IR (film) n_max/cm^-1: 1709, 1216, 822; ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃) d 1.47 (d, J 7.0, 3H), 2.60 (dd, J 14.5 and 11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (m, 1H), 6.07 (dd, J 14.5 and 4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J 9.6 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (td, J 7.7 and 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (dd, J 8.3 and 1.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃) d 19.1, 31.0, 51.2, 85.6, 126.6, 127.3, 127.7, 129.7, 134.8, 146.6, 184.2; LRMS m/z (rel. int.) 228 (M⁺, 7%), 192 (4), 132 (100); HRMS [ESI(+)] calc. for [C₁₁H₁₀Cl₂ONa] ⁺: 251.0006. Found: 250.9997.

Reaction of 7 with bleach in MeOH

The reaction was performed as above but using 7 (0.073 g, 0.46 mmol), MeOH (0.9 mL) and bleach (4.6 mL) giving after 4 days a conversion of 33% to 14 determined by GC analysis. A 2,3:1 mixture of 7:14 was obtained (0.065 g), as a colorless oil; ¹H RMN (300 MHz, CDCl₃) d 1.82 (s, 3H), 2.37-2.28 (m, 1H), 3.37 (ddd, J 17.0, 11.2 and 4.7 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (dd, J 1.2 Hz, 1H), other signals overlap with 7.

2,2-Dichloro-1-indanone (17)

The preparation was performed as above but using 15 (0.115 g, 0.60 mmol), MeOH (1.2 mL) and bleach (7.2 mL) giving 17 (0.104 g, 0.40 mmol, 67%) as a white solid (mp 73.5-75.3 ºC; lit.:⁷ 74-75 ºC).

2,2-Dichloro-1-benzosuberone (18)

The preparation was performed as above but using 16 (0.115 g, 0.60 mmol), MeOH (1.2 mL) and bleach (7.2 mL) giving 18 (0.104 g, 0.40 mmol, 64%) as a colorless oil; IR (film) n_max/cm^-1: 1713, 1245, 953; ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃) d 2.08 (dddd, J 7.0, 6.6, 6.2 and 5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (dd, J 6.6 and 5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.85 (dd, J 7.0 and 6.3 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (d, J 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J 7.5 and 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J 7.5 and 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (dd, J 7.5 and 1.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃) d 23.8, 32.3, 44.0, 89.4, 127.0, 129.0, 129.3, 132.3, 136.6, 137.0, 195.8; LRMS m/z (rel. int.) 228 (M⁺, 13%), 165 (54), 131 (100); HRMS [ESI(+)] calc. for [C₁₁H₁₀Cl₂ONa] ⁺: 251.0006. Found: 250.9999.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank to FAPESP, CNPq and TWAS for continuous financial support. M. V. Craveiro is acknowledged for providing 7-nitro-1-tetralone and R. S. Vasconcelos for discussion.

Supplementary Information

Supplementary data are available free of charge at http://jbcs.sbq.org.br, as PDF file.

References

1. Greene, A. E.; Deprés, J.-P.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 4003; Deprés, J.-P.; Greene, A. E.; J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 2036; Brocksom, T. J.; Coelho, F.; Deprés, J.-P.; Greene, A. E.; De Lima, M. E. F.; Hamelin, O.; Hartmann, B.; Kanazawa, A. M.; Wang, Y.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 15313; Coquerel, Y.; Greene, A. E.; Deprés, J.-P.; Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4453; Bartoli, G.; Bosco, M.; Carlone, A.; Locatelli, M.; Melchiorre, P.; Sambri, L.; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6219; Yang, D.; Yan, Y.-L.; Zheng, B.-F.; Gao, Q.; Zhu, N.-Y.; Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 5757.

2. Stevens, C. L.; Beereboom Jr., J. J.,; Rutherford, K. G.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 4590; Kumar, S.; Murray, R. W.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 1040.

3. De Kimpe, N.; De Buyck, L.; Verhé, R.; Wychuyse, F.; Schamp, N.; Synth. Commun. 1979, 9, 575.

4. Brown, C. L.; Freiberg, J. A.; Healy, P. C.; Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E: Struct. Rep. Online 2002, 58, o1239.

5. Gabbutt, C. D.; Hepworth, J. D.; Heron, B. M.; Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 5245.

6. Hach, V.; Protiva, M.; Chem. Listy 1957, 51, 2099; Prugh, J. D.; Deana, A. A.; Wiggins, J. M.; Synthesis 1989, 554.

7. Park, Y.-D.; Kim, J.-J.; Cho, S.-D.; Lee, S.-G.; Falck, J. R.; Yoon, Y.-J.; Synthesis 2005, 1136.

8. Tsuruta, T.; Harada, T.; Nishino, H.; Kurosawa, K.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1985, 58, 142.

9. Nakatani, Y.; Kakinuma, K.; Matsui, M.; Tetrahedron Lett. 1967, 8, 4085; Nakatani, Y.; Matsui, M.; Hgr. Biol. Chem. 1968, 32, 734.

10. Nobrega, J. A.; Gonçalves, S. M. C.; Peppe, C.; Synth. Commun. 2002, 32, 3711.

11. Nefedov, V. A.; Zh. Obs. Khim. 1973, 43, 2016.

12. López-López, J. A.; Guerra, F. M.; Moreno-Dorado, F. J.; Jorge, Z. D.; Massanet, G. M.; Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 1749.

13. Königsberger, K.; Chen, G.-P.; Vivelo, J.; Lee, G.; Fitt, J.; McKenna, J.; Jenson, T.; Prasad, K.; Repic, O.; Org. Process Res. Dev. 2002, 6, 665.

14. Anelli, P. L.; Biffi, C.; Montanari, F.; Quici, S.; J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 2559; Cunha, P. L. R.; Maciel, J. S.; Sierakowski, M. R.; De Paula, R. C. M.; Feitosa, J. P. A.; J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2007, 18, 85.

15. Meketa, M. L.; Mahajan, Y. R.; Weinreb, S. M.; Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 4749.

16. Kumamoto, Y.; Takaoka, M.; Wada, M.; Mitsui Chemicals Inc., Japan, JP 2006143611, 2006, p. 13.

17. Rothenberg, G.; Sasson, Y. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 13641; Bjorsvik, H.-R.; Norman, K.; Org. Process Res. Dev. 1999, 3, 341.

18. Bordwell, F. G.; http://www.chem.wisc.edu/areas/reich/pkatable/index.htm.

19. Bordwell, F. G.; Fried, H. E.; J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 4218.

20. Silva Jr., L. F.,; Sousa, R. M. F.; Ferraz, H. M. C.; Aguilar, A. M.; J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2005, 16, 1160.

21. De Kimpe, N.; Verhé, R.; De Buyck, L.; Schamp, N.; Synth. Commun. 1978, 8, 75.

Received: March 19, 2007

Web Release Date: September 12, 2007

FAPESP helped in meeting the publication costs of this article.

Supplementary Information

^{Clique aqui para ampliar}

^{Clique aqui para ampliar}

References

• 1. Greene, A. E.; Deprés, J.-P.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 4003;
• Deprés, J.-P.; Greene, A. E.; J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 2036;
• Brocksom, T. J.; Coelho, F.; Deprés, J.-P.; Greene, A. E.; De Lima, M. E. F.; Hamelin, O.; Hartmann, B.; Kanazawa, A. M.; Wang, Y.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 15313;
• Coquerel, Y.; Greene, A. E.; Deprés, J.-P.; Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 4453;
• Bartoli, G.; Bosco, M.; Carlone, A.; Locatelli, M.; Melchiorre, P.; Sambri, L.; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6219;
• Yang, D.; Yan, Y.-L.; Zheng, B.-F.; Gao, Q.; Zhu, N.-Y.; Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 5757.
• 2. Stevens, C. L.; Beereboom Jr., J. J.,; Rutherford, K. G.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 4590;
• Kumar, S.; Murray, R. W.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 1040.
• 3. De Kimpe, N.; De Buyck, L.; Verhé, R.; Wychuyse, F.; Schamp, N.; Synth. Commun. 1979, 9, 575.
• 4. Brown, C. L.; Freiberg, J. A.; Healy, P. C.; Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E: Struct. Rep. Online 2002, 58, o1239.
• 5. Gabbutt, C. D.; Hepworth, J. D.; Heron, B. M.; Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 5245.
• 6. Hach, V.; Protiva, M.; Chem. Listy 1957, 51, 2099;
• Prugh, J. D.; Deana, A. A.; Wiggins, J. M.; Synthesis 1989, 554.
• 7. Park, Y.-D.; Kim, J.-J.; Cho, S.-D.; Lee, S.-G.; Falck, J. R.; Yoon, Y.-J.; Synthesis 2005, 1136.
• 8. Tsuruta, T.; Harada, T.; Nishino, H.; Kurosawa, K.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1985, 58, 142.
• 9. Nakatani, Y.; Kakinuma, K.; Matsui, M.; Tetrahedron Lett. 1967, 8, 4085;
• Nakatani, Y.; Matsui, M.; Hgr. Biol. Chem. 1968, 32, 734.
• 10. Nobrega, J. A.; Gonçalves, S. M. C.; Peppe, C.; Synth. Commun. 2002, 32, 3711.
• 11. Nefedov, V. A.; Zh. Obs. Khim. 1973, 43, 2016.
• 12. López-López, J. A.; Guerra, F. M.; Moreno-Dorado, F. J.; Jorge, Z. D.; Massanet, G. M.; Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 1749.
• 13. Königsberger, K.; Chen, G.-P.; Vivelo, J.; Lee, G.; Fitt, J.; McKenna, J.; Jenson, T.; Prasad, K.; Repic, O.; Org. Process Res. Dev. 2002, 6, 665.
• 14. Anelli, P. L.; Biffi, C.; Montanari, F.; Quici, S.; J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 2559;
• Cunha, P. L. R.; Maciel, J. S.; Sierakowski, M. R.; De Paula, R. C. M.; Feitosa, J. P. A.; J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2007, 18, 85.
• 15. Meketa, M. L.; Mahajan, Y. R.; Weinreb, S. M.; Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 4749.
• 16. Kumamoto, Y.; Takaoka, M.; Wada, M.; Mitsui Chemicals Inc., Japan, JP 2006143611, 2006, p. 13.
• 17. Rothenberg, G.; Sasson, Y. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 13641;
• Bjorsvik, H.-R.; Norman, K.; Org. Process Res. Dev. 1999, 3, 341.
• 18. Bordwell, F. G.; http://www.chem.wisc.edu/areas/reich/pkatable/index.htm
  » link
• 19. Bordwell, F. G.; Fried, H. E.; J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 4218.
• 20. Silva Jr., L. F.,; Sousa, R. M. F.; Ferraz, H. M. C.; Aguilar, A. M.; J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2005, 16, 1160.
• 21. De Kimpe, N.; Verhé, R.; De Buyck, L.; Schamp, N.; Synth. Commun. 1978, 8, 75.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Dec 2007
• Date of issue
  2007

History

• Accepted
  12 Sept 2007
• Received
  19 Mar 2007