Effect of the Incorporation of Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar in Leaching and Bioavailability of Clomazone in Soil

Silva, Marcos R. F. da; Queiroz, Maria E. L. R. de; Neves, Antônio A.; Silva, Antônio A. da; Oliveira, André F. de; Oliveira, Renan L. de; Azevedo, Mariane M.; Pereira, Gustavo A. M.

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20190149

Marcos R. F. da Silva

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa-MG, Brazil

Maria E. L. R. de Queiroz ^**e-mail: meliana@ufv.br

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa-MG, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4717-9223

Antônio A. Neves

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa-MG, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2152-6736

Antônio A. da Silva

Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa-MG, Brazil

André F. de Oliveira

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa-MG, Brazil

Renan L. de Oliveira

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa-MG, Brazil

Mariane M. Azevedo

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa-MG, Brazil

Gustavo A. M. Pereira

Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa-MG, Brazil

*e-mail: meliana@ufv.br

Figures (4)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1
Schematic representation of soil columns used for development of leaching assay. The upper part of column received the addition of different masses (80, 200 and 400 g) of amended soil with 1% (m/m) of biochar, which were added at different depths of the column (0-1.0, 0-2.5 and 0-5.0 cm). Columns without addition of amended soil were used to evaluate the effect of biochar presence on the CMZ percolation.

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Figure 2
Pareto diagram of the effects of factors stirring time (1), pH of aqueous solution (2), and volume of extraction solution (3), on the CMZ extraction from biochar-amended soil samples using SLE/LTP.

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Figure 3
Concentrations of CMZ extracted from soil samples collected at different depths of the columns of the different treatments, after application of 2 kg CMZ ha^-1 on the columns top and 60 mm rain simulation. The treatments were differentiated by addition of different masses of biochar-amended soil in the upper part of columns. The asterisks (*) represent concentration lower than the LOQ of the method (19.6 μg kg^-1).

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Figure 4
Injury percentage of sorghum plants 7 days after emergence as a function of column depth, in the treatments with biochar-amended soil on the column tops and in the unamended soil treatment.

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Table 1
Physicochemical properties of CMZ¹⁰10 Van Scoy, A. R.; Tjeerdema, R. S.; Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.. 2014, 229, 35.^,¹¹11 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC); Pesticide Properties Database. Available at http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/iupac/Reports/168.htm, accessed in June 2019.
http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/iupac/Repo...

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Table 2
Physicochemical characteristics of soil and soil amended by 1% of biochar

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Table 3
Validation results of the optimized SLE/LTP-HPLC-UV-Vis method for CMZ determination in biochar-amended soil and unamended soil

Clomazone (CMZ)	Physicochemical property
2-(2-Chlorobenzyl)- 4,4-dimethyl- 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one	molecular formula: C₁₂H₁₄ClNO₂
	molar mass: 239.7 g mol^-1
	vapor pressure at 25 ^oC: 1.44 × 10^-4 mmHg
	K_ow: 347
	solubility in water at 20 ^oC: 1102 mg L^-1
	non-ionizable compound

Characteristic		Soil	Amended soil
pH (in H₂O)		5.59	6.00
P / (mg kg^-1)		0.1	0.9
K⁺ / (mg kg^-1)		11	116
Mg²⁺ / (mmol kg^-1)		0.9	1.7
CEC^a a Cationic exchange capacity at pH 7; / (mmol kg^-1)		52.0	55.6
OM^b b organic matter. Analyses carried out in the Laboratório de Análise de Solo, Tecido Vegetal e Fertilizante from Universidade Federal de Viçosa, according to the methodology of Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa).28 / % (m/m)		2.37	2.50
Texture / %	sand (> 0.053 mm)	66.5	66.1
	silt (0.053-0.002 mm)	10.3	9.0
	clay (< 0.002 mm)	23.2	22.9

Methodperformance		Unamended soil	Biochar-amended soil
R²		0.992	0.990
LOD / (µg kg^-1)		6.5	4.1
LOQ / (µg kg^-1)		19.6	12.5
Recovery^a a n = 3; / %	32.5 µg kg^-1	90.1 ± 3.2	92.5 ± 3.7
	200 µg kg^-1	105.8 ± 3.1	98.3 ± 7.9
	400 µg kg^-1	96.4 ± 1.5	102.0 ± 2.6
Intra-dayprecision^b b n = 6; / % (RSD)	32.5 µg kg^-1	12	11
	200 µg kg^-1	8	6
	400 µg kg^-1	7	2
Inter-dayprecision^c c n = 6, assays carried out in three nonconsecutive days. R2: determination coefficient; LOD: limit of detection; LOQ: limit of quantification; RSD: relative standard deviation. / % (RSD)	32.5 µg kg^-1	17	16
	200 µg kg^-1	19	14
	400 µg kg^-1	17	10

[1] *e-mail: meliana@ufv.br

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Effect of the Incorporation of Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar in Leaching and Bioavailability of Clomazone in Soil