Xuet al., 201555 Xu S, Jiang Y, Wang H, Wang Z, Liu H, Peng L, et al. C-peptide ameliorates renal injury in type 2 diabetic rats through protein kinase A-mediated inhibition of fibronectin synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015;458:674-80.
|
Goto-Gakizaki rats/10 weeks |
Fat-rich diet for two weeks |
Rat C-peptide |
50 pmol/kg/min of C-peptide administered subcutaneously for 12 weeks through a micropump implanted in the abdominal cavity |
Group with DM given C-peptide = 8; group with DM not given C-peptide = 8 |
Albuminuria, fibronectin synthesis expression |
Nakamoto et al., 20151515 Nakamoto H, Nakayama K, Emoto N, Kajiya F. The short-term effects of C-peptide on the early diabetes-related ultrastructural changes to the podocyte slit diaphragm of glomeruli in rats. Microcirculation 2015;22:122-32.
|
Wistar rats/17 to 18 weeks |
Streptozotocin 50 mg/kg |
Not reported |
50 pmol/kg/min of C-peptide administered subcutaneously for 24 hours with a micropump implanted on the back of the rats |
Group with DM given C-peptide = 20; group with DM not given C-peptide = 11 |
Space between podocyte foot processes |
Sunet al., 20101616 Sun W, Gao X, Zhao X, Cui D, Xia Q. Beneficial effects of C-peptide on renal morphology in diabetic rats. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010;42:893-9.
|
Sprague-Dawley rats/2 weeks |
Intravenous injection of streptozotocin 50 mg/kg |
Human C-peptide |
130 nmol/kg of C-peptide injected subcutaneously twice a day for 8 weeks |
Group with DM given C-peptide = 9; group with DM not given C-peptide = 9 |
Kidney-to-body weight ratio, glomerular volume, ratio of the extracellular matrix area to the whole glomerular area |
Kamikawa et al., 20081717 Kamikawa A, Ishii T, Shimada K, Makondo K, Inanami O, Sakane N, et al. Proinsulin C-peptide abrogates type-1 diabetes-induced increase of renal endothelial nitric oxide synthase in rats. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008;24:331-8.
|
Sprague-Dawley rats/1 week |
Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 45 mg/kg |
Human C-peptide |
35 pmol/min/kg of C-peptide administered subcutaneously for a week through an osmotic pump |
Group with DM given C-peptide = 7; group with DM not given C-peptide = 11 |
Expression of eNOS in the kidneys and glomerular volume |
Nordquist et al., 20071818 Nordquist L, Moe E, Sjöquist M. The C-peptide fragment EVARQ reduces glomerular hyperfiltration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007;23:400-5.
|
Sprague-Dawley rats/2 weeks |
Intravenous injection of streptozotocin 55 mg/kg |
Rat C-peptide and C-peptide fragment |
50 pmol/kg/min of C-peptide and 500 pmol/kg/min of C-peptide fragment administered for 100 minutes |
Group with DM given C-peptide = 9; Group with DM given C-peptide fragment = 9; group with DM not given C-peptide = 8 |
GFR calculated based on inulin clearance, urinary flow rate, urine sodium and potassium |
Rebsomen et al., 20061919 Rebsomen L, Pitel S, Boubred F, Buffat C, Feuerstein JM, Raccah D, et al. C-peptide replacement improves weight gain and renal function in diabetic rats. Diabetes Metab 2006;32:223-8.
|
Sprague-Dawley rats/1 week |
Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 65 mg/kg |
Rat C-peptide |
50 pmol/kg/dia of C-peptide administered for 28 days by continuous intraperitoneal infusion with an osmotic minipump placed in the peritoneal cavity |
Group with DM given C-peptide = 6; group with DM not given C-peptide = 6 |
Proteinuria, urine sodium, and GFR calculated based on creatinine clearance |
Maezawa et al., 200688 Maezawa Y, Yokote K, Sonezaki K, Fujimoto M, Kobayashi K, Kawamura H, et al. Influence of C-peptide on early glomerular changes in diabetic mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006;22:313-22.
|
C57/Bl6J mice/2 weeks |
Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 100 mg/kg |
Rat C-peptide and modified C-peptide |
290 pmol/kg/min of C-peptide administered subcutaneously for 24 hours or a week with an osmotic pump |
Group with DM given C-peptide = 7; group with DM given modified C-peptide = 7; group with DM not given C-peptide = 7 |
Albuminuria, expression of collagen IV and TFG-β, and GFR calculated based on creatinine clearance |
Samnegard et al., 20052020 Samnegård B, Jacobson SH, Jaremko G, Johansson BL, Ekberg K, Isaksson B, et al. C-peptide prevents glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial matrix expansion in diabetic rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20:532-8.
|
Wistar rats/4 weeks |
Intravenous injection of streptozotocin 60 mg/kg |
Rat C-peptide |
50 pmol/kg/min of C-peptide administered for four weeks by continuous intraperitoneal infusion with an osmotic pump placed on the neck |
Group with DM given C-peptide = 11; group with DM not given C-peptide = 11 |
Glomerular volume, mesangial volume, mesangial matrix volume, albuminuria, urine potassium and sodium, GFR calculated based on inulin clearance, and glomerular basement membrane thickening |
Samnegard et al., 20042121 Samnegård B, Jacobson SH, Johansson BL, Ekberg K, Isaksson B, Wahren J, et al. C-peptide and captopril are equally effective in lowering glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetic rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:1385-91.
|
Sprague-Dawley rats/2 weeks |
Intravenous injection of streptozotocin 55 mg/kg |
Rat C-peptide |
50 pmol/kg/min of C-peptide administered for 60 minutes |
Group with DM given C-peptide = 13; group with DM not given C-peptide = 7 |
GFR calculated based on inulin clearance |
Huang et al., 20022222 Huang DY, Richter K, Breidenbach A, Vallon V. Human C-peptide acutely lowers glomerular hyperfiltration and proteinuria in diabetic rats: a dose-response study. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2002;365:67-73.
|
Sprague-Dawley rats/2 weeks |
Administration of streptozotocin 65 mg/kg |
Human C-peptide |
Intravenous bolus injection of 0,6; 1.8; 6; 18 and 60 nmol/kg followed by continuous infusion of 30 nmol/kg/h of C-peptide |
Group with DM given C-peptide = 11 (dose 0.1x); 10 (dose 0.3x); 7 (dose 1x); 9 (dose 3x); 8 (dose 10x); group with DM not given C-peptide = 14 |
Albuminuria and serum calcium and sodium levels |
Samnegard et al., 200199 Samnegård B, Jacobson SH, Jaremko G, Johansson BL, Sjöquist M. Effects of C-peptide on glomerular and renal size and renal function in diabetic rats. Kidney Int 2001;60:1258-65.
|
Sprague-Dawley rats/2 weeks |
Intravenous injection of streptozotocin 60 mg/kg |
Rat C-peptide |
50 pmol/kg/min of C-peptide administered for 2 weeks by continuous intravenous infusion with an osmotic pump placed in the subcutaneous tissue of the neck connected to a catheter inserted in the right jugular vein of the rats |
Group with DM given C-peptide = 7; group with DM not given C-peptide = 7 |
Glomerular volume, GFR calculated based on inulin clearance, albuminuria, and urine sodium and potassium |