Ogden5252 Ogden DA, Holmes JH. Changes in total and ultrafilterable plasma calcium and magnesium during hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1966;12:200-4.
|
1966 |
HD with tank and coil; 5h; N =? / 25 sessions |
Acetate/coil dialyzer |
Estimated using differences between initial and final serum tCa |
-d[Ca] of 1.125 mmol/L = -124 mg -d[Ca] of 1.375 mmol/L = 0 mg -d[Ca] of 1.75mmol/L = + 426 mg |
Wing5353 Wing AJ. Optimum calcium concentration of dialysis fluid for maintenance haemodialysis. Br Med J. 1968 Oct;4(5624):145-9.
|
1968 |
HD with tank and Kiil; 12h; N = 1, 10 sessions |
Acetate/Kiil dialyzer |
Measurement of tCa in the total volume of dialysate |
-Several d[Ca]s, from 0.738 to 1.988 mmol/L -CMT from -1,114 to + 740 mg |
Goldsmith5454 Goldsmith RS, Furszyfer J, Johnson WJ, Fournier AE, Arnaud CD. Control of secondary hyperparathyroidism during long-term hemodialysis. Am J Med. 1971 May;50(5):692-9.
|
1971 |
HD with tank and Kiil; 6h; N = 5 |
Acetate |
Measurement of tCa and 45Ca in samples of dialysate |
-Fórmula proposta -Proposed Formula - Net gain [mg/min] = 0.108 + 0.623 x calcium gradient [mg/ml]) |
Strong5555 Strong HE, Schatz BC, Shinaberger JH, Coburn JW. Measurement of dialysance and bi-directional fluxes of calcium in vivo using radiocalcium. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1971;17:108-15.
|
1971 |
HD with tank and Kiil; 3-4h; N = 13 |
Acetate |
Measurement of tCa, 47Ca and 45Ca in samples of dialysate |
-d[Ca] of 1.475 mmol/L = 0 mg -d[Ca] of 1.725 mmol/L = +91 mg -d[Ca] of 1.975mmol/L = + 240 mg |
Skrabal5656 Skrabal F, Dittrich P, Gabl F. Calcium uptake and phosphate removal during hemodialysis with variing dialysate calcium. Klin Wschr. 1974 May;52(6):266-71.
|
1974 |
HD with tank and coil; 8h; N = 3 |
Acetate |
Measurement of tCa in samples of dialysate |
-d[Ca] of 1.5 mmol/L = +72 mg -d[Ca] of 2 mmol/L = +240 mg |
Carney5757 Carney SL, Gillies AH. Effect of an optimum dialysis fluid calcium concentration on calcium mass transfer during maintenance hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol. 1985 Jul;24(1):28-30.
|
1985 |
HD |
Bicarbonate |
? |
-d[Ca] of 1.65 mmol/L = from -66 to +72 mg |
Hou5858 Hou SH, Zhao J, Ellman CF, Hu J, Griffin Z, Spiegel DM, et al. Calcium and phosphorus fluxes during hemodialysis with low calcium dialysate. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991 Aug;18(2):217-24.
|
1991 |
HD, 4h; N = 7; Baxter SPS 550 |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of tCa in samples of dialysate |
-d[Ca] of 0.75 mmol/L = -231 mg -d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = 0 mg -d[Ca] of 1.75mmol/L = + 879 mg |
Argilés1212 Argiles A, Kerr PG, Canaud B, Flavier JL, Mion C. Calcium kinetics and the long-term effects of lowering dialysate calcium concentration. Kidney Int. 1993 Mar;43(3):630-40.
|
1993 |
Post-dilutional HDF; 3h; N =9 |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of iCa in samples of dialysate. |
-No calculation of CMT. Assumption that CMT is neutral with d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L, slightly + with 1.5 mmol/L, and significantly + with 1.75 mmol/L |
Malberti5959 Malberti F, Corradi B, Tetta C, Imbasciati E. Calcium balance and serum ionized calcium fluctuations in on-line haemodiafiltration in relation to ultrafiltration rate and dialysate calcium concentration. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9(12):1759-64.
|
1994 |
Post-dilutional HDF, 4h; N = 7 |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of tCa in the total volume of dialysate |
-d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = -44.8 mg for infusion rate = 2.5l/h and -56.8 mg for infusion rate = 5l/h -d[Ca] of 1.5 mmol/L = -23.6 mg for infusion rate = 2.5l/h and -22.8 mg for infusion rate = 5l/h -d[Ca] of 1.75mmol/L = -11.2 mg for infusion rate = 2.5l/h and -13.2 mg for infusion rate = 5l/h |
Argilés6060 Argiles A, Mion CM. Calcium balance and intact PTH variations during haemodiafiltration. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995 Nov;10(11):2083-9.
|
1995 |
Post-dilutional HDF, 4 h; N = 14, proportion machine |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of iCa and tCa in samples of dialysate |
Using iCa: -d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = neutral; d[Ca] of 1.5mmol/L = positive Using tCa: -d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = negative; d[Ca] of 1.5mmol/L = neutral |
Fabrizi6161 Fabrizi F, Bacchini G, Di Filippo S, Pontoriero G, Locatelli F. Intradialytic calcium balances with different calcium dialysate levels. Effects on cardiovascular stability and parathyroid function. Nephron. 1996;72(4):530-5.
|
1996 |
HD, 4 h; N = 6, proportion machine |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of iCa in samples of dialysate |
-d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = -6 mg -d[Ca] of 1.75mmol/L = + 308 mg |
Ding6262 Ding F, Ahrenholz P, Winkler RE, Ramlow W, Tiess M, Michelsen A, et al. Online hemodiafiltration versus acetate-free biofiltration: a prospective crossover study. Artif Organs. 2002 Feb;26(2):169-80.
|
2002 |
Pre-dilution HDF, post-dilution HDF and acetate free HD/N=12 |
Bicarbonate/Citrate |
Measurement of blood iCa and tCa |
-CMT not measured -use of different d[Ca] for HDF and acetate free HD |
Al-Hejaili6363 Al-Hejaili F, Kortas C, Leitch R, Heidenheim AP, Clement L, Nesrallah G, et al. Nocturnal but not short hours quotidian hemodialysis requires an elevated dialysate calcium concentration. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Sep;14(9):2322-8.
|
2003 |
HD, 2, 4 and 6h; N = 14 |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of tCa in the total volume of dialysate |
-d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = -25 mg in 2h; -0.6 mg in 4 h and – 82 mg in 6h -d[Ca] of 1.75mmol/L = + 43 mg in 2h; 96 in 6h |
Sigrist6464 Sigrist M, McIntyre CW. Calcium exposure and removal in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr. 2006 Jan;16(1):41-6.
|
2006 |
HD; 4h; N = 52 |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of tCa in proportional samples of dialysate |
-d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = -187 mg (range: - 486 - + 784 mg) |
Karohl1010 Karohl C, Paschoal JP, Castro MC, Elias RM, Abensur H, Romão Junior JE, et al. Effects of bone remodelling on calcium mass transfer during haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010 Apr;25(4):1244-51.
|
2010 |
HD, 4h, N = 23, Genius Hemodialysis system |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of tCa in a proportional sample of dialysate |
-d[Ca] of 1.0 mmol/L = -492 mg -d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = -468 mg -d[Ca] of 1.5 mmol/L = -46 mg -d[Ca] of 1.75mmol/L = + 268 mg |
Basile6565 Basile C, Libutti P, Di Turo AL, Tundo S, Maselli P, Casucci F, et al. Calcium mass balances during standard bicarbonate hemodialysis and long-hour slow-flow bicarbonate hemodialysis. J Nephrol. 2011 Nov/Dec;24(6):742-8.
|
2011 |
HD, 4 and 8h; N = 11; Genius Hemodialysis system |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of iCa in proportional samples of dialysate |
-d[Ca] of 1.5 mmol/L; 4h = + 285 mg; 8h = + 298 mg |
Movili E |
2011 |
HD switched to HDF (N=30 vs 35 control) |
Bicarbonate |
Effect of 6 months of HDF on serum Ca, P and PTH |
-CMT not measured -Significant reduction of P and PTH concentrations with no significant changes in Ca |
Bosticardo6666 Bosticardo G, Malberti F, Basile C, Leardini L, Libutti P, Filiberti O, et al. Optimizing the dialysate calcium concentration in bicarbonate haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012 Jun;27(6):2489-96.
|
2012 |
HD; 4h; N = 22 |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of iCa in samples of blood and dialysate |
-CMT not measured, but inferred -d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = -57 mg (-288 to +110 mg) -d[Ca] of 1.5 mmol/L = +93 mg (-108 to +337 mg) |
Basile6767 Basile C, Libutti P, Di Turo AL, Vernaglione L, Casucci F, Losurdo N, et al. Effect of dialysate calcium concentrations on parathyroid hormone and calcium balance during a single dialysis session using bicarbonate hemodialysis: a crossover clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012 Jan;59(1):92-101.
|
2012 |
HD, 3-4h, N = 23, Genius Hemodialysis system |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of iCa and tCa in a proportional sample of dialysate |
Using iCa: -d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = +97 ± 128 mg -d[Ca] of 1.375 mmol/L = +187 ± 146 mg -d[Ca] of 1.5mmol/L = +326 ± 253 mg Using tCa: -d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = +75 ± 122 mg -d[Ca] of 1.375 mmol/L = +182 ± 125 mg -d[Ca] of 1.5mmol/L = +293 ± 228 mg |
Grundstrom1414 Grundstrom G, Christensson A, Alquist M, Nilsson LG, Segelmark M. Replacement of acetate with citrate in dialysis fluid: a randomized clinical trial of short term safety and fluid biocompatibility. BMC Nephrol. 2013 Oct;14(1):216.
|
2013 |
HD N=9/HDF N=11 |
Bicarbonate/Citrate |
Measurement of iCa in samples of blood |
-CMT not measured -Citrate dialysis fluid resulted in lower post-dialysis plasma iCa (1.10 mM vs. 1.27 mM) |
Safranek6868 Safranek R, Moucka P, Vavrova J, Palicka V, Pavlikova L, Sulkova SD. Changes of serum calcium, magnesium and parathyroid hormone induced by hemodialysis with citrate-enriched dialysis solution. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2015;40(1):13-21.
|
2015 |
HD 4h, N=80 and Post-dilutional HDF N=46 |
Bicarbonate/Citrate |
Measurement of iCa and tCa in samples of blood |
-CMT not measured -d[Ca] = 1.5 mmol/L: increases in iCa and tCa, less significant in acetate-free HDF |
Bacchetta1111 Bacchetta J, Sellier-Leclerc AL, Bertholet-Thomas A, Carlier MC, Cartier R, Cochat P, et al. Calcium balance in pediatric online hemodiafiltration: beware of sodium and bicarbonate in the dialysate. Nephrol Ther. 2015 Nov;11(6):483-6.
|
2015 |
HDF; 4h; N=28 children |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of iCa and tCa in samples of blood |
-CMT not measured -Decrease of tCa and iCa with D[Ca] 1.25 and no change with D[Ca] 1.5mmol/L - Increasing bicarbonate and/or decreasing Na requested in the dialysate decreases calcium extraction from the acid preparation |
Tiranathanagul6969 Tiranathanagul K, Tangvoraphonkchai K, Srisawat N, Susantitaphong P, Tungsanga K, Praditpornsilpa K, et al. Acute intradialytic cardiac function and inflammatory cytokine changes during high-efficiency online hemodiafiltration with acetate-free and standard dialysis solutions. Ther Apher Dial. 2015 Jun;19(3):250-8.
|
2015 |
HDF; 4h; N=22 |
Bicarbonate/Citrate |
Measurement of iCa in samples of blood |
-d[Ca] = 1.5 mmol/L: increase in iCa, more significant in acetate-free HDF |
Waniewski7070 Waniewski J, Debowska M, Wojcik-Zaluska A, Ksiazek A, Zaluska W. Quantification of dialytic removal and extracellular calcium mass balance during a weekly cycle of hemodialysis. PLoS One. 2016 Apr;11(4):e0153285.
|
2016 |
HD; 4h; N = 25 |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of tCa in proportional samples of dialysate |
-d[Ca] of 1.35 mmol/L = -22.7 ± 54 mg |
Goldenstein99 Goldenstein PT, Graciolli FG, Antunes GL, Dominguez WV, Reis LM, Moe S, et al. A prospective study of the influence of the skeleton on calcium mass transfer during hemodialysis. PLoS One. 2018 Jul;13(7):e0198946.
|
2018 |
HD; 4h; N=10 |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of tCa in proportional samples of dialysate |
Pre PTX: -d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = -89 mg (-180 to +23 mg) -d[Ca] of 1.5 mmol/L = -106 mg (-389 to +75 mg) -d[Ca] of 1.75 mmol/L = 12.8 mg (-7 to +169 mg) Late post-PTX: -d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L = -3 mg (-22 to +112 mg) -d[Ca] of 1.5 mmol/L = -29.7 mg (-103 to +248 mg) -d[Ca] of 1.75 mmol/L = 38 mg (-158 to +139 mg) |
Di Filippo1818 Di Filippo S, Carfagna F, La Milia V, Bellasi A, Casagrande G, Bianchi C, et al. Assessment of intradialysis calcium mass balance by a single pool variable-volume calcium kinetic model. Hemodial Int. 2018 Jan;22(1):126-35.
|
2018 |
HD; 3-5h; N = 34 |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of iCa in samples of blood and one sample of dialysate |
-CMT not measured -d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L, assumption of a negative CMT based on blood iCa variation |
Havlin7171 Havlin J, Vankova S. Intradialytic alkalinization is a neglected factor affecting calcium mass balance and parathyroid hormone level during haemodiafiltration. Clin Kidney J. 2019 Feb;12(1):149-56.
|
2019 |
Post dilution HDF; 4h; N=10 |
Bicarbonate |
Measurement of iCa in proportional samples of dialysate |
- d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L, bic. 26 mmol/L= -309 mg - d[Ca] of 1.25 mmol/L, bic. 32 mmol/l=-108 mg |