Amaral et al.1111 Amaral CA, Amaral TLM, Monteiro GTR, Vasconcellos MTL, Portela MC. Hand grip strength: Reference values for adults and elderly people of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0211452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211452 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
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n = 1,462 18-102 |
Brazil |
Stratified by sex and age (10-year age groups) |
Position in accordance with the ASHT recommendations; measurements were performed with the patient in a seated position, with the elbow at 90° and the handle adjusted to the second position; a familiarization with the instrument was allowed; the procedure was performed three times for each hand alternately, with an interval of 1-min between measurements; a hydraulic hand dynamometer (SH50011; Saehan Corporation, Changwon, South Korea) was used; values were expressed in kg; the highest handgrip strength value for each hand was used. |
2 SDs below the mean and group-specific (by sex and age) |
Bohannon et al.2525 Bohannon RW, Peolsson A, Massy-Westropp N, Desrosiers J, Bear-Lehman J. Reference values for adult grip strength measured with a Jamar dynamometer: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2006;92(1):11-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2005.05.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2005.05...
|
n = 3,317 20-75a |
USA, Australia, Canada, UK, and Sweden |
Stratified by sex and age (5-year age groups) |
Position in accordance with the ASHT recommendations; a Jamar dynamometer (Patterson Medical/Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL, USA) was used. Most of the studies included in the meta-analysis used the mean of three trials and assessed both hands. |
Values below the 5th percentile and group-specific (by sex and age) |
Frederiksen et al.2626 Frederiksen H, Hjelmborg J, Mortensen J, McGue M, Vaupel JW, Christensen K. Age trajectories of grip strength: cross-sectional and longitudinal data among 8,342 Danes aged 46 to 102. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16(7):554-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.10.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2005...
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n = 8,342 45-102 |
Denmark |
Stratified by sex, height (5-cm height groups), and age (5-year age groups) |
Measurements were performed in a series of three measurements with the elbow at 90° and the upper arm tight against the trunk; a Smedley dynamometer (TTM, Tokyo, Japan) was used; the width of the handle was adjusted to fit the hand size; the second phalanx should rest against the inner stirrup; three trials were performed for each hand, with each hand in two cohorts of the study and three trials for the preferred hand in the other study cohort; values were expressed in kg. |
2 SDs below the mean and group-specific (by sex, height, and age) |
Massy-Westropp et al.2727 Massy-Westropp NM, Gill TK, Taylor AW, Bohannon RW, Hill CL. Hand Grip Strength: age and gender stratified normative data in a population-based study. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4:127. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-127 https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-127...
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n = 2,629 20-70 |
Australia |
Stratified by sex and age (10-year age groups) |
Measurements were performed with the patient in a seated position, with the elbow by the side and flexed to right angles, as well as with a neutral wrist position; the dynamometer handle was on position II, and there was provision of support underneath the dynamometer; a Jamar dynamometer (Patterson Medical/Sammons Preston) was used; three trials were performed for each hand; the mean value for each hand was used. |
2 SDs below the mean and group-specific (by sex and age) |
Mathiowetz et al.66 Mathiowetz V, Kashman N, Volland G, Weber K, Dowe M, Rogers S. Grip and pinch strength: normative data for adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66(2):69-74. |
n = 628 20-94 |
USA |
Stratified by sex and age (5-year age groups, the eldest individuals being > 75 years of age) |
Measurements were performed with the patient in a seated position, with shoulders adducted and neutrally rotated, elbows flexed at 90°, forearms in a neutral position, and wrists between 0° and 30° of dorsiflexion and between 0° and 15° of ulnar deviation; a Jamar dynamometer (Patterson Medical/Sammons Preston) was used, being set at the second handle position for all individuals; three successive trials were performed for each hand; values were expressed in pounds; the mean of three trials was used. |
2 SDs below the mean and group-specific (by sex and age) |
Peters et al.2828 Peters M, van Nes S, Vanhoutte EK, Bakkers M, van Doorn PA, Merkies IS, et al. Revised normative values for grip strength with the Jamar dynamometer. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2011;16(1):47-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8027.2011.00318.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8027.2011...
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n = 720 20-96 |
The Netherlands |
Stratified by sex and age (10-year age groups) |
Position in accordance with the ASHT recommendations; a Jamar dynamometer (Patterson Medical/Sammons Preston) was used; three trials were performed for each hand; the mean value for each hand was used. |
Values below the 5th percentile and group-specific (by age and sex) |
Shim et al.2929 Shim JH, Roh SY, Kim JS, Lee DC, Ki SH, Yang JW, et al. Normative measurements of grip and pinch strengths of 21st century korean population. Arch Plast Surg. 2013;40(1):52-56. https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2013.40.1.52 https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2013.40.1.52...
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n = 366 13-77 |
Korea |
Stratified by sex and age (10-year age groups) |
Measurements were performed with the patient in a seated position, with the shoulders adducted and neutrally rotated, the elbows flexed at 90°, the forearms in a neutral position, and the wrists between 0° and 30° of flexion and between 0° and 15° of ulnar deviation; a Jamar hand dynamometer (Patterson Medical/Sammons Preston) was used; three consecutive trials were performed for each hand, 1 min apart; values were expressed in kg. |
2 SDs below the mean and group-specific (by sex and age) |
Spruit et al.3030 Spruit M, Sillen M, Groenen M, Wouters E, Franssen F. Spruit MA, Sillen MJ, Groenen MT, Wouters EF, Franssen FM. New normative values for handgrip strength: results from the UK Biobank. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(10):775.e5-.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.06.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.06....
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n = 224,852 39-73 |
UK |
Stratified by sex, height (5-cm height groups), and age (5-year age groups) |
Measurements were performed with the patient in a seated position, with the elbow of the arm holding the dynamometer against the side of the patient and bent to a 90° angle, the forearm pointing forward, and the thumb in the uppermost position; the wrist was straight so that the hand was either pointing forward or bent slightly outward; a Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer (Patterson Medical/Sammons Preston) was used; three trials were performed for each hand; values were expressed in kg. |
Values below the 5th percentile and group-specific (by sex, height, and age) |
Werle et al.3131 Werle S, Goldhahn J, Drerup S, Simmen BR, Sprott H, Herren DB. Age- and gender-specific normative data of grip and pinch strength in a healthy adult Swiss population. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2009;34(1):76-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193408096763 https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193408096763...
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n = 1,023 18-96 |
Switzerland |
Stratified by sex and age (5-year age groups, the eldest individuals being > 85 years of age) |
Position in accordance with the ASHT recommendations; a Jamar dynamometer (Patterson Medical/Sammons Preston) was used and set at the second handle position; both hands were assessed; the mean of three trials was used; values were expressed in kg. |
2 SDs below the mean and group-specific (by sex and age) |