Sobral100100 Sobral HR. Air pollution and respiratory diseases in children in São Paulo, Brazil. Soc Sci Med. 1989;29(8):959-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(89)90051-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(89)900...
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Children in the city of São Paulo, located in the state of São Paulo |
Respiratory diseases |
Air pollution |
Increased respiratory diseases in more polluted areas |
Saldiva et al.7878 Saldiva PH, King M, Delmonte VL, Macchione M, Parada MA, Daliberto ML, et al. Respiratory alterations due to urban air pollution: an experimental study in rats. Environ Res. 1992;57(1):19-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(05)80016-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(05)80...
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Rats in the cities of São Paulo and Atibaia, both located in the state of São Paulo |
Changes in the mucociliary system |
Environmental air in the two cities |
Changes in the mucus and cilia and increased mortality from respiratory diseases in the city of São Paulo |
Saldiva et al.7979 Saldiva PH, Lichtenfels AJ, Paiva PS, Barone IA, Martins MA, Massad E, et al. Association between air pollution and mortality due to respiratory diseases in children in São Paulo, Brazil: a preliminary report. Environ Res. 1994;65(2):218-225. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1994.1033 https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1994.1033...
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Children aged 5 years or younger in the city of São Paulo |
Mortality from respiratory diseases |
Measured primary pollutants |
An association between NOx and increased mortality |
Saldiva et al.101101 Saldiva PH, Pope CA 3rd, Schwartz J, Dockery DW, Lichtenfels AJ, Salge JM, et al. Air pollution and mortality in elderly people: a time-series study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Arch Environ Health. 1995;50(2):159-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1995.9940893 https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1995.99...
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Elderly individuals > 65 years old in the greater metropolitan area of São Paulo |
Mortality from respiratory diseases |
PM10, NOX, SO2, and CO |
Increased deaths associated with increased air pollutant levels |
Souza et al.8080 Souza MB, Saldiva PH, Pope CA 3rd, Capelozzi VL. Respiratory changes due to long-term exposure to urban levels of air pollution: a histopathologic study in humans. Chest. 1998;113(5):1312-1318. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.113.5.1312 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.113.5.1312...
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Autopsy in individuals who died a violent death. Smokers in the city of Ourinhos (mean, 31 years) and nonsmokers in the city of Guarulhos (mean, 26 years), both located in the state of São Paulo |
Lung histopathologic changes |
Tobacco and air pollution |
Comparison of lung injury between nonsmokers in the more polluted city (Guarulhos) and smokers in the less polluted city (Ourinhos) |
Lin et al.8282 Lin CA, Martins MA, Farhat SC, Pope CA 3rd, Conceição GM, Anastácio VM, et al. Air pollution and respiratory illness of children in São Paulo, Brazil. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1999;13(4):475-488. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3016.1999.00210.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3016.1999...
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Children and adolescents in the city São Paulo |
Emergency room visits |
Measured air pollutants |
Increased visits associated with PM10 and O3
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Braga et al.8383 Braga AL, Conceição GM, Pereira LA, Kishi HS, Pereira JC, Andrade MF, et al. Air pollution and pediatric respiratory hospital admissions in São Paulo, Brazil. J Environ Med. 1999;1(2):95-102. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(199904/06)1:2<95::AID-JEM16>3.0.CO;2-S https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1301(...
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Children aged 12 years or younger in the city of São Paulo |
Hospitalizations for respiratory diseases |
PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3
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An association between hospitalization and air pollutants |
Braga et al.102102 Braga AL, Saldiva PH, Pereira LA, Menezes JJ, Conceição GM, Lin CA, et al. Health effects of air pollution exposure on children and adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001;31(2):106-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0496(200102)31:2<106::AID-PPUL1017>3.0.CO;2-M https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0496(200102...
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Individuals aged 19 years or younger in the city of São Paulo |
Hospitalizations for respiratory diseases |
PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3
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An increased risk in children ≤ 2 years and adolescents aged 14 to 19 years |
Conceição et al.103103 Conceição GM, Miraglia SG, Kishi HS, Saldiva PH, Singer JM. Air pollution and child mortality: a time-series study in São Paulo, Brazil. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):347-350. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.109-1240551 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.109-1240551...
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Children aged 5 years or younger in the city of São Paulo |
Mortality from respiratory diseases |
Primary and secondary pollutants |
A mortality increase associated with increases in CO, SO2, and PM10
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Martins et al.104104 Martins MC, Fatigati FL, Véspoli TC, Martins LC, Pereira LA, Martins MA, et al. Martins MC, Fatigati FL, Véspoli TC, et al. Influence of socioeconomic conditions on air pollution adverse health effects in elderly people: an analysis of six regions in São Paulo, Brazil. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58(1):41-46. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.58.1.41 https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.58.1.41...
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Elderly individuals in the city of São Paulo |
Mortality from respiratory diseases |
Primary and secondary pollutants |
An association between PM10 and increased numbers of deaths; more deaths in those with a lower socioeconomic status |
Mauad et al.105105 Mauad T, Rivero DH, de Oliveira RC, Lichtenfels AJ, Guimarães ET, de Andre PA, et al. Chronic exposure to ambient levels of urban particles affects mouse lung development. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(7):721-728. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200803-436OC https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200803-436O...
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Mice in the city of São Paulo |
Lung development |
Air pollution |
Exposure to PM and decreases in inspiratory and expiratory lung volumes |
Arbex et al.8686 Arbex MA, de Souza Conceição GM, Cendon SP, Arbex FF, Lopes AC, Moysés EP, et al. Urban air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related emergency department visits. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2009;63(10):777-783. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.078360 https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.078360...
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Adults and elderly individuals in the city of São Paulo |
Emergency room visits |
Air pollutants |
Increased visits by elderly individuals and women |
Riva et al.8181 Riva DR, Magalhães CB, Lopes AA, Lanças T, Mauad T, Malm O, et al. Low dose of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can induce acute oxidative stress, inflammation and pulmonary impairment in healthy mice. Inhal Toxicol. 2011;23(5):257-267. https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2011.566290 https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2011.56...
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Mice (an experimental study) |
Inflammatory changes in the lung |
Inhaled fine PM |
Low concentrations of PM2.5 induce oxidative stress and inflammation in the lung. |
Santos et al.5050 Santos UP, Garcia ML, Braga AL, Pereira LA, Lin CA, de André PA, et al. Association between Traffic Air Pollution and Reduced Forced Vital Capacity: A Study Using Personal Monitors for Outdoor Workers. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0163225. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163225 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.016...
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Workers exposed to environmental air pollution |
Lung function |
Individual exposure to PM2.5
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Reduced FVC and increased FEF25-75%
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Gouveia et al.106106 Gouveia N, Corrallo FP, Leon ACP, Junger W, Freitas CU. Air pollution and hospitalizations in the largest Brazilian metropolis. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:117. https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017051000223 https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2017...
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Individuals of all ages and children less than 5 years old |
Hospitalizations for respiratory diseases |
PM10
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Increased hospitalizations in all age groups and in children less than 5 years old |
de Barros Mendes Lopes et al.107107 de Barros Mendes Lopes T, Groth EE, Veras M, Furuya TK, de Souza Xavier Costa N, Ribeiro Júnior G, et al. Pre- and postnatal exposure of mice to concentrated urban PM2.5 decreases the number of alveoli and leads to altered lung function at an early stage of life. Environ Pollut. 2018;241:511-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.055 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05...
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Mice: exposure during pregnancy and after birth (São Paulo) |
Lung formation and growth |
PM2.5
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Exposure leads to a reduced number of alveoli and impaired lung function in adult mice. |