Assmann et al., 2021 |
Civilian (155) |
38.54 (11.17) |
CAPS-5 |
Childhood trauma |
EMDR |
Imagery rescripting (Active) |
6 weeks, and 12 sessions |
(1) Presence of Depression (BDI-II) |
(1) None (d=1.22) |
Beck, et al., 2021 |
Military (175) |
CBT: 54.9 (11.54); Present centered therapy: 57.7 (12.10) |
CAPS-5 |
Combat trauma |
CBT |
Present centered therapy (Active) |
16 weeks, and 14 sessions |
(1) PTSD severity (PCL-5) (2) Depression severity (BDI-II) (3) Type of trauma (Traumatic Life Events Checklist (TLEQ) |
(1) Positive (d=1.31) (2) None (NR) (3) None (NR) |
Bosch et al., 2020 |
Civilian and military, n = 126 |
46.5 (11.9) |
CAPS-IV |
Neglect, sexual abuse, and physical abuse |
CPT via videoteleconferencing |
CPT inperson (Active) |
12 sessions, once or twice per week |
(1) Type of trauma (Childhood traumatic events) |
(1)Negative (NR) |
Cahill et al., 2003 |
Civilian, n = 67 |
34.6 (10.5) |
DSM-III-R |
Female assault victims |
PE |
SIT (Active) PE and SIT (Active) |
5 weeks, 9 sessions |
(1) Anger (STAEI) |
(1) None (d=3.43) |
Cloitre et al., 2017 |
Civilian, n = 104 |
36.48 (9.39) |
DSM-IV |
Childhood sexual and/or physical abuse |
STAIR |
Narrative therapy (Active) |
16 weeks and sessions |
(1) Depression severity (BDI-II) |
(1) Positive (d=0.29) |
Cloitre et al., 2002 |
Civilian, n = 58 |
34 (7.22) |
DSM-IV |
Childhood abuse |
STAIR and Modified PE |
Waiting list (Passive) |
12 weeks, 16 sessions |
(1) Therapeutic alliance (WAI) |
(1) Positive (NR) |
Cloitre et al., 2016 |
Civilian, n = 104 |
36.48 (9.39) |
DSM-IV |
Childhood sexual and/or physical abuse occurring before the age of 18 |
STAIR and PE |
STAIR and supportive counselling (Active) |
16 weeks and sessions |
(1) PTSD severity (CAPS) (2) Presence of depression (BDI-II) (3) Dissociation (Dissociation subscale of the Trauma Symptoms Inventory) (4) Anger (STAEI) (5) Negative mood regulation (NMR) |
(1) None (NR) (2) None (NR) (3) None (NR) (4) None (NR) (5) None (NR) |
Feeny et al., 2002 |
Civilian, n = 72 |
34.9 (10.06) |
DSM-III-R |
Female victims of sexual and nonsexual assault |
PE |
SIT (Active) PE and SIT (Active) Waiting list (Passive) |
9 weeks and sessions |
(1) Borderline personality characteristics (SCID-II) |
(1) Negative (NR) |
Gobin et al., 2018 |
Civilian and military, n = 126 |
Veterans: 42.05 (10.58) Civilians: 47.30 (12.03) |
DSM-IV |
Physical assault, child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault) |
CPT via clinical vídeo teleconferencing |
Treatment traditional (in-person modality) (Active) |
12 weeks and sessions |
(1) PTSD severity (CAPS) (2) Presence of depression (BDI-II) |
(1) Negative (NR) (2) None (NR) |
Haagen et al., 2017 |
Civilian and military, n = 72 |
41.5 (11.3) |
DSM-IV-TR |
Murder of friends/family , combat situation, physical torture, imprisonment , serious injury, rape or sexual abus |
EMDR |
Stabilization therapy (Active) |
EMDR: 9 weeks and sessions; Stabilizatio n therapy: 12 weeks and sessions |
(1) Presence of depression (HSCL) (2) Depression severity (HSCL) |
(1) Negative (NR) (2) Negative (NR) |
Halvorsen et al., 2014 |
Military, n = 81 |
35.55 (11.05) |
DSM-5 |
Severely traumatised asylum seekers and refugees |
Narrative exposure therapy |
Treatment as usual (Active) |
10 weeks and sessions |
(1) Dissociative symptoms such as derealisation and depersonalisation (CAPS) |
(1) None (Derealisation: g=1.36; Depersonalisation: g=0.97) |
Hembree et al., 2004 |
Civilian, n = 75 |
32 (10) |
DSM-IV |
Rape or nonsexual assault in adulthood or sexual abuse in childhood |
PE |
PE with cognitive restructuring (Active) |
NR |
(1) Comorbid personality disorders (SCID II) |
(1) Negative (NR) |
Hembree et al., 2004 |
Civilian, n = 73 |
35.7 (10.1) |
DSM–III–R |
Female assault victims |
PE |
SIT (Active) |
5–6 weeks, 9 sessions |
(1) Multiple traumatic events (SAI) |
(1) Negative (NR) |
Karatzias et al., 2007 |
Civilian, n = 48 |
40.6 (11.4) |
DSM-IV |
Accident, crime, other |
EMDR |
Treatment as usual (Active) |
12 weeks and sessions |
(1) PTSD severity (CAPS, IES and PCL) |
(1) Positive (NR) |
Knaevelsrud & Maercker, 2007 |
Civilian, n = 96 |
35 |
DSM-IV |
Sexual abuse/ rape, death of close person, accident, physical disease |
Internet-based CBT |
Waiting list (Passive) |
5 weeks, and 10 sessions |
(1) Online therapeutic relationship (WAI) |
(1) Positive (NR) |
Lloyd et al., 2014 |
Military, n = 59 |
CPT: 53.13 (13.97); Treatment as usual: 53.62 (13.33) |
CAPS |
Military-related PTSD |
CPT |
Treatment as usual (Active) |
12 sessions, and 6 weeks |
(1) Anger (Dimensions of Anger Reactions Scale) (2) Anxiety (STAI) (3) Depression (BDI-II) (4) Alcohol (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) |
(1) Negative (d=0.36) (2) None (d=0.76) (3) None (d=0.55) (4) None (d=0.23) |
Markowitz et al., 2017 |
Mainly civilian, n = 110 |
40.1 (11.6) |
DSM-IV |
Interpersonal trauma, sexual trauma, and physical trauma |
PE |
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (Active) |
14 weeks and sessions |
(1) Type of trauma (LEC) |
(1) None |
Price et al., 2012 |
Military, n = 111 |
31.66 (8.37) |
DSM-IV |
Multiple potentially traumatic events |
Exposure therapy via telehealth |
Exposure therapy inperson (Active) |
8 weeks and sessions |
(1) Type of trauma (CES) |
(1) Negative |
Rauch et al., 2021 |
Military, n = 196 |
34.4 (8.4) |
DSM-IVTR |
Combat-related PTSD |
PE plus Placebo |
PE + sertraline Sertraline + Enhanced Medication management |
12 weeks, and 3 sessions |
(1) Alcohol use (number of alcoholic drinks per day) (2) Presence of depression (BDI-II) |
(1) None (NR) (2) None (NR) |
Rizvi et al., 2009 |
Civilian, n = 145 |
31.7 (9.8) |
CAPS |
Discrete incident of completed rape in childhood or adulthood |
PE |
CPT (Active) Waiting list (Passive) |
CPT: 12 weeks and sessions PE: 9 weeks and sessions |
(1) Anger (STAXI) (2) Depression severity (BDI) |
(1) None (d=0.07) (2) Positive (d=0.05) |
Taylor et al., 2003 |
Civilian, n = 45 |
37 (10) |
DSM-IV |
Sexual assault, physical assault, transport accidents, and being exposed to a sudden death |
Exposure therapy |
EMDR (Active) |
8 weeks and sessions |
(1) Multiple traumatic events (CAPS) (2) Dissociative symptoms (CAPS) (3) Anger (PTCI) (4) Depression severity (BDI) (5) Anxiety sensitivity (Anxiety sensitivity Index) (6) Dissociative symptoms (CAPS) |
(1) None (NR) (2) None (NR) (3) None (NR) (4) None (NR) (5) None (NR) (6) None (NR) |
Thrasher et al., 2010 |
Civilian, n = 77 |
Active treatment: 38.85 (9.92) Relaxation only: 35.60 (10.00) |
DSM-III-R |
Injury, death, disability |
Exposure therapy and/or cognitive restructuring |
Waiting list (Passive) |
10 weeks and sessions |
(1) Type of trauma (CI) (2) Multiple traumatic events (DSM-III-R and CAPS) |
(1) None (NR) (2) None (NR) |
Wagner et al., 2012 |
Civilian, n = 47 |
27.7 (7.0) |
Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale |
Killing of a family member, torture/viole nce, sexual violence related to war, others |
Internet-based CBT |
Waiting list (Passive) |
5 weeks, and 10 sessions |
(1) Therapeutic alliance (WAI) |
(1) Positive |
Zandberg et al., 2016 |
Civilian and military, n = 165 |
42.78 (9.76) |
DSM-IV |
Sexual assault, combat, physical assault, other trauma |
Placebo and PE |
Naltrexone and PE (Active) Naltrexone and no PE (Active) Placebo and no PE (Passive) |
24 weeks, 18 sessions |
(1) Alcohol features (TFBI and PACS) (2) Type of trauma (NR) (3) PTSD severity (PSS-I) |
(1) None (NR) (2) Negative (NR) (3) Negative (NR) |
Zang et al., 2019 |
Civilian, n = 96 |
32.20 (9.94) |
PSS-I |
Childhood sexual abuse or adulthood sexual or physical assault |
PE with cognitive restructuring |
PE (Active) Waiting list (Passive) |
8 sessions |
(1) Presence of depression (SCID-I) (2) Pretreatment PTSD severity (PSS-SR) |
(1) Positive (OR=5.82) (2) None (OR=1.17) |