Epidemiological and prognostic single center study of anal carcinomaAbstract
Background: Anorectal carcinoma includes the anal margin, the anal canal, and the lower rectum. The incidences of anal tumors represent 1.4 % of all gastrointestinal tumors.
Patients and methods: Our study is retrospective and was conducted at Baghdad Medical City. Patient’s data were collected from the medical records through a predesigned sheet that included the following information: demographic data, medical history, past-history, presenting symptoms, pathological data, and treatment details.
Results: The median age was 49 years. As regard tumor extension, 85.71 % of patients had anal disease, while anorectal cancer was encountered in 14.28 % of cases only. Male to female ratio was 1:3. Most of cases were SCC 78.57 %. Only 11 patients (39.28 %) were diagnosed as Stage I, whereas 12 patients (42.85 %) had Stage II-III disease. Moderate differentiated tumors are the most common. The tumor mass located between 5-10 cm das a distance from anal verge in 12 (42.85 %) of patients. We found 6 (21.42 %) patients with positive virology tests with no specificity detected. APR was the mainstay for treatment of stage I disease. Neoadjuvant treatment followed by TME resection was the treatment found in locally advanced tumors. The mean Overall Survival (OS) for patients received neoadjuvant CRT in the study was 43.5 months, while, the mean OS was 45.73 months in the adjuvant setting. Univariate analysis for OS according to prognostic factors revealed that sites of cancer, grades and histopathology were significant independent prognostic factors for OS in this study. The anal canal tumor was associated with shorter OS (33.25) months in comparison to the anorectal cancer (OS = 47.22 months). Based on tumor grade, well and moderate differentiation have better OS (60.21 months) while, poorly grade was associated with shorter OS (43.07 months). On the concern of SCC, it was associated with shorter OS (37 months) in comparison to higher survival in patients with adenocarcinoma (46.13 months).
Conclusion: Anal canal cancer has poorer prognosis than anorectal. The early-stage has a better OS that needs more effort for early diagnosis and treatment.
Keywords: Anorectal cancers; Adenocarcinoma; Chemoradiotherapy; Anal câncer; SCC
Resumo
Antecedentes: O carcinoma anorretal inclui a margem anal, o canal anal e o reto inferior. A incidência de tumores anais representa 1.4 % de todos os tumores gastrointestinais.
Pacientes e métodos: Nosso estudo é retrospectivo e foi realizado no Baghdad Medical City. Os dados do paciente foram coletados dos registros médicos por meio de uma folha pré-projetada que incluía as seguintes informações: dados demográficos, histórico médico, histórico anterior, sintomas de apresentação, dados patológicos e detalhes do tratamento.
Resultados: A idade média foi de 49 anos. Quanto à extensão do tumor; 85,71 % dos pacientes apresentavam doença anal, enquanto o câncer anorretal foi encontrado em 14,28 % dos casos. A proporção homem/mulher foi de 1:3. A maioria dos casos foi de CEC 78,57 %. Apenas 11 pacientes (39,28 %) foram diagnosticados como Estágio I, enquanto 12 pacientes (42,85 %) apresentavam doença em Estágio II?III. Tumores diferenciados moderados são os mais comuns. A massa tumoral localizada entre 5-10 cm das distâncias da margem anal em 12 (42,85 %) dos pacientes. Foram encontrados 6 (21,42 % pacientes com testes virológicos positivos sem especificidade detectada. A TAEG foi a base para o tratamento da doença em Estágio I. O tratamento neoadjuvante seguido pela ressecção do TME foi o tratamento encontrado em tumores localmente avançados. A sobrevida global média OS dos pacientes que receberam TRC neoadjuvante no estudo foi de 43,5 meses, enquanto a OS média foi de 45,73 meses no cenário adjuvante. A análise univariada para OS de acordo com fatores prognósticos revelou que locais de câncer, notas e histopatologia foram fatores prognósticos independentes significativos para OS neste estudo. O tumor do canal anal foi associado a SG mais curtos 33,25 meses em comparação ao câncer anorretal OS = 47,22 meses. Com base no grau do tumor, a diferenciação boa e moderada apresenta melhor OS 60,21 meses, enquanto o grau ruim foi associado a um OS mais curto 43,07 meses. No que diz respeito ao CEC, este foi associado a uma OS mais curta 37 meses em comparação à maior sobrevida em pacientes com adenocarcinoma 46,13 meses.
Conclusão: O câncer de canal anal tem pior prognóstico que o anorretal. O estágio inicial tem um sistema operacional melhor que precisa de mais esforço para diagnóstico e tratamento precoces.
Palavras-chave: Cânceres anorretais; Adenocarcinoma; Quimiorradioterapia; Câncer anal; SCC
Introduction
At 2017, in UA, an estimation of 8200 new patients of anal carcinoma, thus accounting 2.6 % of GIT tumors.1 About 1/8 of that number have been died. According to SEER data analysis, the incidence of anal SCC increased at a rate of 2.9 % year from 19thcentury to 20th century.1 It is associated with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection; anal genital warts; history of anal intercourse; STDs; HIV; gynecological malignancies; and others.1 A strong association between anal tumor and HPV infection especially HPV-16, and HPV-18.1 The incidence of anal malignancy has been increased in the last 30 years, both in the United States (US) and elsewhere particularly in women.2 Females are more likely to develop anal cancer than males (ratio of 5:1), this is due to high prevalence of HPV.2 Homosexuality is increasing the risk of developing anal cancer. Among heterosexual, the number of lifetime sexual partners and the young age at first intercourse are associated with high risk of developing anal cancer.2 Adenocarcinomas are the most frequent pathological subtype than Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) due to the anorectal region is formed mainly of glandular structure.2 The high grade of Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (AIN) may be a precursor to cancer, and treated this condition may be prevent the development of anal cancer.1 Many ways of detection of AIN like cytology, HPV virology tests, DRE, anoscopy, and biopsy.1
The aims are to study clinico-epidemiological characteristics of the patients with anal carcinoma presented to Oncology Teaching Hospital and National Cancer Center at Baghdad Medical City from the period of 2014 up to 2019 and this is the primary end point. The Secondary end point is to assess Progression Free Survival (PFS) and Overall Survival (OS) of the patients with different methods of treatment and evaluation of prognostic factors.
Methods
Study design and setting
This study is a retrospective study and was conducted for 5 years includes a review of the total number of available registered cases of patients with lower rectal and anal carcinoma. They were 28 patients presented to Oncology Teaching Hospital and National Cancer Center, Baghdad Medical City during the period from January 2014 to December 2018 inclusive.
Data sources and collection
Patient’s data were collected from the medical records through a predesigned sheet. Medical history was collected as well as risk factors as viral infection and sexual behavior then past history to previous operations and/or pelvic irradiation. The presenting symptoms and signs were collected as bleeding per rectum, perianal pain, change in the bowel habit or loss of weight, anal swelling, abscess or fistula and Intestinal Obstruction (IO). Pathological data were obtained as histopathology, primary tumor size and extent. Treatment details including surgery with different surgical modalities, External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) and Chemotherapy (CTH) were reported. Treatments outcomes in the form of PFS and OS were calculated for all our patients.
Statistical analysis
Data were revised, coded and analyzed using the computer program, SPSS version “20”. Numerical data were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and range as appropriate. Qualitative data were expressed as frequency and percentage. Chi-square test (fisher exact test) was used to examine the relation between qualitative variables; p-value considered significant when < 0.05. Survival was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier method.
Results
Patient’s and tumor characteristics were shown in Table 1. Median age was 49 years, 9 patients (32.14 %) were less than 40 years old, and 19 patients (67.85 %) were = 40 years old. Seven patients were male (25 %) while females were 21 patients (75 %). As regard tumor extension, 85.71 % of patients had anal disease, while anorectal cancer was encountered in 14.28 % of cases only. Male to female ratio was 1:3. Most of cases were SCC 78.57 %, whereas 14.28 % were adenocarcinoma. Only 11 patients (39.28 %) were diagnosed as Stage I, whereas 12 patients (42.85 %) had Stage II?III disease, while, 5 patients (17.85 %) had Stage IV disease at the time of diagnosis. Moderate differentiated tumors are the most common among 67.85 % of tumors; poorly differentiated tumors constitute 17.85 % while well differentiated tumors found in 14.28 %. The tumor mass located between 5-10 cm das a distance from anal verge in 12 (42.85 %) of patients. We found 6 (21.42 %) patients with positive virology tests with no specificity detected.
Management details are described in Table 2. APR was the mainstay for treatment of Stage I disease. It is associated with or without adjuvant CRT with a percent from total number of Stage I (11 patients) as 14.28 %, 25 % respectively. Neoadjuvant treatment followed by TME resection was the treatment found in locally advanced tumors Stage II?III (25 %), despite, primary APR followed by adjuvant CRT was managed 17.85 % of patients. Palliative chemotherapy was the prevalent among metastatic disease 7.14 % with palliative radiotherapy 7.14 % whereas palliative surgery performed in 3.57 % of patients.
The mean Overall Survival (OS) for patients received neoadjuvant CRT in the study was 43.5 months, while, the mean OS was 45.73 months in the adjuvant setting. Univariate analysis for OS according to prognostic factors as shown in Table 3 revealed that sites of cancer, grades and histopathology were significant independent prognostic factors for OS in this study. The anal canal tumor was associated with shorter OS (33.25) months in comparison to the anorectal cancer (OS = 47.22 months) and this was highly statistically significant (p < 0.000). Based on tumor grade, well and moderate differentiation have better OS (60.21 months) while, poorly grade was associated with shorter OS (43.07 months) and this was highly statistically significant (p = 0.01). On the concern of SCC, it was associated with shorter OS (37 months) in comparison to higher survival in patients with adenocarcinoma (46.13 months) and this was significantly high (p = 0.004). Age, sex, distance from anal verge, virology study, and type of surgery were not affected the survival of anal cancer, showed in Fig. 1.
Discussion
Regarding that in Iraq, the incidence is increasing annually, and the chance of being diagnosed has risen in recent years, this may be attributed to increased awareness of symptoms like BPR, and constipation, and early detection of small lesion secondary to more widespread use of colonoscopy and fine needle aspiration of any suspicious lesion in treatment centers. Globally, the new cases of anus tumor at 2018 were 48,541 0.3 %, and patients die from anal cancer found to be 19,129 0.2 %) at same year.3 In Iraq, ICR reporting the incidence rate of anal cancer at 2015 was 0.09.4 Recent studies conducted by Alshewered and Al-Naqqash and Alhilfi et al. in Iraq dealing with colon and rectal cancers but not mention of anal cancer as a part of their studies.5,6
The majority of patients were above the age of 40 years old at presentation. The median age were 49 years, however it was still younger than the median age of 64 years in the US as published by SEER cancer statistics.7 This variation may be attributed to different geographic risk factors as diet variations, smoking, obesity, genetic factors and availability of colonoscopy in treatment centers. Gender is associated with varying incidence of anorectal cancer, since M:F ratio was 1:3, and it is differ with Jemal and his colleagues,7-9 and opposite to research studying the difference according to gender, which was 1.9:1.7
Most of the patients had SCC; this similar to Franklin et al. report at 2016. They reported that anal SCC predominate than adenocarcinoma and lower anorectal tumor respectively.9,10 This may be related to increased incidence of HPV infection of ano-genital tumors in US, and high percent of homosexuality.11
Regional and locally advanced stages were the predominant among our patients, but this is different than SEER data base at US that reported that the localized group (47 %), regional (36.5 %), metastatic (16.5 %). This may be due to different sample size, and early diagnosis and treatment due to screening programs and health education and awareness in the US and other developed countries.2,12 Localized resection for early stage rectal cancer wasn’t reported for clinically stage I patients and this is differ than US were localized resection has been increased to be 20 % of T1?2 rectal cancer to preserve anal function as published at Huntsman Cancer Hospital at the University of Utah Salt Lake City.12 This may be due to lack of good preoperative assessment of the patients and overestimation of the surgeons. Abdominal Perineal Resection (APR) was the primary treatment for locally advanced Stage II and stage III followed by adjuvant CRT. This is different than Park et al. that shows all locally advanced rectal cancer patients undergo for neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for tumor downstaging and good anal sphincter preservation.2,12
Neoadjuvant treatment is limited at our locality due to low resources for radiotherapy and prolonged waiting list. As a result there was no any significant difference in OS among patients weather received neoadjuvant or adjuvant CRT.
We analyze the prognostic factors affecting survival, we found that young patients less than 40 years had good OS and slightly increased than OS of patients aged more than 40 years; this is differ to the results of Gado and his colleagues at 2014, who found that the progression of patients less than 40 years was worse and carry a bad prognosis.12,13 This required more evaluation at level of tumor biology and early detection of cancer among this age group. There is no significant difference of OS according to gender and this is different than the results of Tsai et al., which showing there were significant differences between both sex.14 This may be due to large sample size and significant difference between gene mutations among male and female. So, this is another recommendation for more evaluation at our nationality. Regarding the pathological site, anal canal tumor has the worst prognosis in comparison to the counterpart histological anorectal. This is in line with the results of 57.369 cases with median OS was significantly lower for anal (33 months), compared with anorectal (33 months).15 The adenocarcinoma histopathology has better OS than those diagnosed with SCC.
As regard clinical stage of the tumor, localized disease, and low grade have better OS (63 months) compared with regional disease and high grade. This is close to the results reported by SEER CRC statistics 2014.2 But lower than FLORIDA study that show survival for Stage I, II, III (87 %, 72 % and 59 % respectively).16,17 This may be due to early diagnosis and availability of facilities and multidisciplinary team approaches for best management and high prevalence of target therapy. There is no significant difference in survival among patients underwent sphincter and non-sphincter preserving surgery, and this in the same track with the result of Puthawala et al.18 The independent treatment-related predictors of decreased mortality were clinical staging, LV/PNI after surgery and this more or less near to the results of McKenna et al.19 The prognosis of anal tumor is connected to the tumor size, and the presence of LN extension.1 NCCN 2019 reported in his guideline the data of RTOG 98?11 trial that showed male sex, positive LN and tumor size more than 5 cm were independently prognostic factors for worse OS.1 Recently many studies found that HPV is prognostic for improvement of OS in case with anal carcinoma, which of limited entity in our country.1
Conclusions
Anorectal carcinoma includes tumors of lower rectum, anal canal and anal margin. This study shows SCC predominance. Anal adenocarcinoma is often conflicted with either its common anatomic join in anal SCC or its histological correlate in rectal adenocarcinoma. Neoadjuvant treatment followed by resection was not different in survival era of treatment among locally advanced tumors. The most significant prognostic factor affecting OS and PFS was tumor site, tumor grades, and histopathology of disease. Anal SCC has the worse prognosis than other histological counterpart.
References
-
1 NCCN. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Anal Cancer Version.2; 2019 www.nccn.org
» www.nccn.org -
2 www.seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/anus.html
» www.seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/anus.html - 3 Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394-424.
- 4 Iraqi Cancer Registry. Annual Report. Baghdad, Iraq: Iraqi Cancer Registry Board, Ministry Of Health and Environment; 2015.
- 5 Alshewered AS, Al-Naqqash MA. Rectal cancer and chemoradiation in Iraq:systematic review and meta-analysis. J Coloproctol (RIO J). 2019;39:309-18.
- 6 Alhilfi HSQ, Almohammadawi KOM, Alsaad RKA, Ameen NA, Aliedani BKA, Aldubaisi HJI, et al. Colorectal cancer epidemiology and clinical study in Misan. J Coloproctol (RIO J). 2019;9:159-62.
- 7 Cruz A, Chen D, Hsu P, Pandit V, Omesiete P, Vij P, et al. Racial and gender disparities in the incidence of anal cancer: analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). J Gastrointest Oncol. 2019;10:37.
- 8 Osazuwa-Peters N, Boakye EA, Rohde RL, Ganesh RN, Moiyadi AS, Hussaini AS, et al. Understanding of risk factors for the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection based on gender and race. Sci Rep. 2019;9:297.
- 9 Valvo F, Ciurlia E, Avuzzi B, Doci R, Ducreux M, Roelofsen F, et al. Cancer of the anal region. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019;135:115-27.
- 10 Matalon SA, Mamon HJ, Fuchs CS, Doyle LA, Tirumani SH, Ramaiya NH, et al. Anorectal cancer: critical anatomic and staging distinctions that affect use of radiation therapy. Radiographics. 2015;35:2090-107.
- 11 Glover M, Mansoor E, Panhwar M, Parasa S, Cooper GS. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer in average risk adults 20-39 years of age: a population-based national study. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;:1-8.
- 12 Franklin RA, Giri S, Valasareddy P, Lands LT, Martin MG. Comparative survival of patients with anal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the anus, and rectal adenocarcinoma. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2016;15:47-53.
- 13 Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, Schwartz SM, Shera KA, Wurscher MA, et al. Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer. 2004;101:270-80.
- 14 Hazard LJ, Shrieve D, Sklow B, Pappas L, Boucher K. Local excision vs. radical resection in T1-2 rectal carcinoma: results of a study from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) registry data. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2009;3:105.
- 15 Park IJ, You YN, Agarwal A, Skibber JM, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Eng C, et al. Neoadjuvant treatment response as an early response indicator for patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1770.
- 16 Hyams DM, Mamounas EP, Petrelli N, Rockette H, Jones J, Wieand HS, et al. A clinical trial to evaluate the worth of preoperative multimodality therapy in patients with operable carcinoma of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:131-9.
- 17 Goffredo P, Robinson TJ, Frakes JM, Utria AF, Scott AT, Hassan I. Comparison of anal versus rectal staging in the prognostication of rectal squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019;62:302-8.
- 18 Puthawala AA, Syed AN, Gates TC, McNamara C. Definitive treatment of extensive anorectal carcinoma by external and interstitial irradiation. Cancer. 1982;50:1746-50.
- 19 McKenna NP, Bergquist JR, Habermann EB, Chua HK, Kelley SR, Mathis KL. Surgery and chemotherapy are associated with improved overall survival in anal adenocarcinoma: results of a national cohort study. Inter J Colorectal Dis. 2019;34:607-12.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
14 Aug 2020 -
Date of issue
Jul-Sep 2020
History
-
Received
8 Jan 2020 -
Accepted
13 Jan 2020
