Evaluation of <i>Salvia officinalis</i> in the Treatment of Acetic Acid-induced Ulcerative Colitis in a Rat Model

Shahriarirad, Reza; Seifbehzad, Sarvin; Erfani, Amirhossein; Nekouei, Fatemeh; Ashkani-Esfahani, Soheil; Hosseinzadeh, Masood; Tanideh, Nader; Koohi-Hosseinabadi, Omid; Sarkari, Bahador

doi:10.1055/s-0044-1787141

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Journal of Coloproctology (Rio de Janeiro)

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Original Article • J Coloproctol 44 (3) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1787141 copy

Evaluation of Salvia officinalis in the Treatment of Acetic Acid-induced Ulcerative Colitis in a Rat Model

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Introduction

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers within the digestive tract. This study aims to determine the histochemical alteration of Salvia officinalis (sage), an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant herbal agent on UC.

Materials and Methods

The disease was induced in 37 Sprague-Dawley rats with 2 mL of 3% acetic-acid (AA) enema. The rats were divided into five groups: a control group (AA), two 5-aminosalicylic (5-ASA) groups treated either orally (AO) or rectally (AR) with a dose of 100 mg/kg, and two salvia groups treated with 300mg/kg salvia orally (SO) or rectally (SR). Histopathological analyses of the colon were done on day 7, and markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and complete blood count were measured.

Result

In macroscopic evaluation, the AO group demonstrated the lowest involvement, followed by the SO, SR, AR, and AA groups, respectively (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference between the SO and AO groups (p = 0.10), and the SR and AR groups (p = 0.58). Regarding microscopic histopathological findings, the AO and SO group demonstrated the most satisfactory results, with no significant difference between the AO versus SO, and AR versus SR groups. Inflammation was resolved in all of the AO and SO subjects.

Conclusion

Salvia can be beneficial in the treatment course of UC by inhibiting inflammatory responses, increasing the growth and viability of intestinal mucosa, and its antioxidant effects. Therefore, we propose the prescription of salvia as an adds-on or alternative therapy in the management of UC.

Keywords
treatment protocol; salvia officinalis; ulcerative colitis

Factor		Group^* * The groups are described as: SO – received 300 mg/kg oral treatment with S. officinalis; SR – received 300 mg/kg rectal treatment with S. officinalis; AO – received 100 mg/kg oral treatment with mesalamine; AR – received 100 mg/kg rectal treatment with mesalamine; and AA – the untreated animals with induced colitis.					p-value^ Fisher exact or one-way analysis of variance/Kruskal–Wallis test.
Factor		SO; n = 8	SR; n = 8	AO; n = 5	AR; n = 6	AA; n = 4
Gross examination
Macroscopic grade^* ***** Scores are defined as: 0–No macroscopic alterations; 1–just mucosal erythema, 2–mild mucosal edema, slight bleeding, or minor erosions; 3–moderate edema, slight bleeding ulcers, or erosions); and 4–severe ulceration, edema, and tissue necrosis.	Total	1 (0–2)	1 (1–2)	0 (0–0)	1.5 (1–3)	2.5 (1.3–3.8)	0.01
	0	2 (28.6)	1 (14.3)	5 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.07
	1	3 (42.9)	3 (42.9)	0 (0)	3 (50.0)	1 (25.0)
	2	1 (14.3)	2 (28.6)	0 (0)	1 (16.7)	1 (25.0)
	3	1 (14.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (33.3)	1 (25.0)
	4	0 (0)	1 (14.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (25.0)
Histological grade
Ulcer	Total	0 (0–1)	1 (0–2)	0 (0–0)	0 (1–1.3)	0.5 (0–1.8)	0.14
	No Change	5 (71.4)	2 (28.6)	5 (100)	4 (66.7)	2 (50.0)	0.49
	Mild	2 (28.6)	3 (42.9)	0 (0)	1 (16.7)	1 (25.0)
	Moderate	0 (0)	1 (14.3)	0 (0)	1 (16.7)	1 (25.0)
	Severe	0 (0)	1 (14.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Inflammation	Total	1 (1–1)	2 (1–3)	1 [1–1]	1 [1–2]	1 [1–2.5]	0.08
	Mild	7 (100)	3 (42.9)	5 (100)	4 (66.7)	3 (75.0)	0.06
	Moderate	0 (0)	1 (14.3)	0 (0)	2 (33.3)	0 (0)
	Severe	0 (0)	3 (42.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (25.0)
Destruction	Total	0 (0–1)	1 (0–2)	0 (0–0)	0.5 (0–1)	0.5 (0–1)	0.11
	No Change	5 (71.4)	2 (28.6)	5 (100)	3 (50.0)	2 (50.0)	0.23
	Mild	2 (28.6)	3 (42.9)	0 (0)	3 (50.0)	2 (50.0)
	Moderate	0 (0)	2 (28.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Disorganization	Total	0 (0–1)	1 (0–2)	0 (0–0)	0 (0–1)	0.5 (0–1)	0.10
	No Change	5 (71.4)	2 (28.6)	5 (100)	4 (66.7)	2 (50.0)	0.25
	Mild	2 (28.6)	3 (42.9)	0 (0)	2 (33.3)	2 (50.0)
	Moderate	0 (0)	2 (28.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Crypt abscess	Total	0 [0–1]	1 [0–2]	0 [0–0]	0.5 [0–1]	0.5 (0–1)	0.11
	No Change	5 (71.4)	2 (28.6)	5 (100)	3 (50.0)	2 (50.0)	0.23
	Mild	2 (28.6)	3 (42.9)	0 (0)	3 (50.0)	2 (50.0)
	Moderate	0 (0)	2 (28.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Biochemical Results
CRP (mg/dL)		1.84 ± 0.25	1.83 ± 0.35	1.87 ± 0.20	1.98 ± 0.20	2.32 ± 0.63	0.17
SOD (units/mL)		6.44 ± 3.01	6.90 ± 4.58	3.84 ± 2.15	3.45 ± 1.66	2.70 ± 1.41	0.9
WBC (x10⁹/L)		7.76 ± 2.83	10.97 ± 4.17	8.22 ± 3.15	11.50 ± 5.39	10.18 ± 5.60	0.45
HGB (g/dL)		13.77 ± 1.14	13.10 ± 1.07	12.16 ± 2.28	13.17 ± 1.80	11.50 ± 1.28	0.17

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[1] Address for correspondence
Reza Shahriarirad, MD, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran (email: R.shahriari1995@gmail.com).