Characterizing MIMO Channels in Low-Voltage Electric Power Line Communication through Impedance and Scattering Parameters Analysis

Sousa, Matheus C. de; Cantarino, Wesley M.; Costa, Luís G. da S.; Curty, Thales A.; Fonseca, Daniel A. B.; Vitor, Ulysses R. C.; Segatto, Marcelo E.V.

doi:10.1590/2179-10742024v23i2279943

Matheus C. de Sousa

Department of Electrical Circuit, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4954-5306

Wesley M. Cantarino

Department of Electrical Circuit, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0197-7900

Luís G. da S. Costa

Department of Electrical Circuit, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-2016

Thales A. Curty

Department of Electrical Circuit, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4827-8266

Daniel A. B. Fonseca

Department of Electrical Circuit, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3352-5351

Ulysses R. C. Vitor

Department of Electrical Circuit, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-9655

Marcelo E.V. Segatto

Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4083-992X

Aspect	Proposed paper	Baseline paper [⁴[4] K. Rabie, A. M. Tonello, N. Al-Dhahir, J. Song, and A. Sendin, “IEEE access special section editorial: Advances in power line communication and its applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 133371-133374, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2942516. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2942... ]	Baseline paper [⁷[7] S. S. Dash and A. V. Panda, “Interpretation of different channel configurations and modulation techniques over power line communication,” in Proc. International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing, pp. 420-425, 2016, doi: 10.1109/ICCSP.2016.7754170. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSP.2016.77541... ]	Baseline paper [¹⁵[15] S. Moaveninejad, A. Saad, and M. Magarini, “Enhancing the performance of WiNPLC smart grid communication with MIMO NB-PLC,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe, pp. 1-6, 2017, doi: 10.1109/EEEIC.2017.7977639. https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2017.79776... ]
Research Objectives	Measurement of scattering parameters, VSWR, impedance and attenuation.	Line impedance and power quality estimation.	Facilitate the future MIMO PLC standardization the process by employing the appropriate channel models and contribute to forthcoming MIMO regulatory discussions through an extensive dataset of interference measurements.	Determine the impedance of the rural, urban and the industrial power lines.
Methodology	VNA measurements techniques.	Electronic boards currently used as on-field applications.	PLC modems and MIMO artificial Mains.	Signal generator and AC milivoltimeter.
Frequency Band	2-100 MHz	10 Hz-1 MHz	4-30 MHz	10-170 kHz
Impedance Analysis	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Attenuation Measurements	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
MIMO System	Yes	No	Yes	No
Contributions and Novelty	Demonstrate the available bandwidth for communication between PLC modens. Characterize the behavior of an energized electric power line to efficiently design PLC coupling circuits and evaluate the scattering parameters behavior for four Setups.	Line impedance characterization using a single device capable of both characterizing the R-L characteristics of the line and generating the line-impedance frequency spectrum using non-parametric impedance estimation.	Explore the fundamentals of the channel model, encompassing the reception of common mode signals. This provides a preview of the imminent regulatory discussion, demonstrates the improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).	Presents some new empirical data on the impedance and attenuations of the electric power lines.

Setup	Input Port	Output Port
Case 1	P1N1	P2N2
Case 2	P1N1	P2PE2
Case 3	P1N1	N2PE2
Case 4	P1PE1	P2N2
Case 5	P1PE1	P2PE2
Case 6	P1PE1	N2PE2
Case 7	N1PE1	P2N2
Case 8	N1PE1	PE2P2
Case 9	N1PE1	N2PE2

PLC coupling circuit	C₁ (nF)	T ₁
#1	2.2	PWB 1010-1L
#2	3.3	PWB 3010-1L

Item	Connector and adapter description
1	TNC male connector
2	Adapter TNC female to BNC female
3	Adapter BNC male to SMA female
4	Adapter SMA male to SMA male
5	PLC coupling circuit (SMA female and KRE)
6	Cooper wire 2.5 mm
7	BNC Screw Type Adapter Connector
8	Adapter BNC female to N male
9	Adapter SMA male to N female
10	N male connector

Setup	Derivation in point A	Derivation in point B
#1	without	without
#2	2 m	without
#3	without	3 m
#4	2 m	3 m

Case	Setup 1 (%)	Setup 2 (%)	Setup 3 (%)	Setup 4 (%)
Case 1	74.64	60.42	70.92	54.12
Case 2	59.61	49.43	46.53	34.41
Case 3	42.81	42.97	47.98	34.57
Case 4	55.74	42.97	60.10	47.01
Case 5	72.05	59.13	77.54	59.29
Case 6	47.82	36.67	54.28	43.94
Case 7	49.27	53.31	50.57	46.69
Case 8	48.14	38.61	56.38	39.26
Case 9	69.63	67.04	59.13	54.09

Case	Setup 1 (Ω)	Setup 2 (Ω)	Setup 3 (Ω)	Setup 4 (Ω)
Case 1	80.47	76.75	76.47	76.62
Case 2	79.77	75.52	75.82	76.74
Case 3	75.94	75.76	76.87	76.66
Case 4	62.39	62.11	87.36	92.54
Case 5	61.11	61.99	88.84	91.28
Case 6	61.61	61.90	88.18	89.89
Case 7	60.81	62.12	96.06	95.43
Case 8	60.87	63.43	96.49	94.99
Case 9	60.76	62.35	97.08	94.23

[\begin{matrix} V_{1}^{-} \\ V_{2}^{-} \\ ⋮ \\ V_{N}^{-} \end{matrix}] = [\begin{matrix} S_{11} & S_{12} & \dots & S_{1 N} \\ S_{21} & S_{22} & \dots & S_{2 N} \\ ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ \\ S_{N 1} & S_{N 2} & \dots & S_{N N} \end{matrix}] [\begin{matrix} V_{1}^{+} \\ V_{2}^{+} \\ ⋮ \\ V_{N}^{+} \end{matrix}]

H = [\begin{matrix} h_{11} & h_{12} & \dots & h_{1 N_{T}} \\ h_{21} & h_{22} & \dots & h_{2 N} \\ ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ \\ h_{N_{R} 1} & h_{32} & \dots & h_{N_{R} N_{T}} \end{matrix}],

H = [\begin{matrix} S_{21}^{C_{1}} & S_{21}^{C_{2}} & S_{21}^{C_{3}} \\ S_{21}^{C_{4}} & S_{21}^{C_{5}} & S_{21}^{C_{6}} \\ S_{21}^{C_{7}} & S_{21}^{C_{8}} & S_{21}^{C_{9}} \end{matrix}] .

Brasil

Brasil

Characterizing MIMO Channels in Low-Voltage Electric Power Line Communication through Impedance and Scattering Parameters Analysis

Abstract