[4[4] D. C. P. Barbosa; L. H. A. de Medeiros; M. T. de Melo; L. R. G. S. Lourenço Novo; M. S. Coutinho; M. M. Alves, H. B. D. T. Lott Neto, P. H. R. P. Gama, ; R. G. M. dos Santos and V. L. Tarragô, “Machine Learning Approach to Detect Faults on the Anchor Rods of Power Transmission Lines”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 18, pp. 2335-2339, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2019.2932052 https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2019.293205...
] |
Anchor rod |
Fault Detection |
Microwave |
|S11| |
Logistic Regression K-NNs Random Forest SVM ANN |
[5[5] D. C. P. Barbosa; L. H. A. de Medeiros; M. T. de Melo; L. R. G. S. Lourenço Novo; M. S. Coutinho; M. M. Alves; R. G. M. dos Santos; V. L. Tarragô H. B. D. T. Lott Neto and P. H. R. P. Gama, “An electromagnetic multi-parameter strategy to detect faults in anchor rods using neural networks”. 2019 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC), p.3, 2019.] |
Anchor rod |
Fault Detection |
Microwave |
S11 VSWR Input Impedance |
ANN |
[8[8] Nicholas Durham , Junhui Zhao , Gregory Bridges and Douglas Thomso, “Acoustic guided wave detection of grounding rod corrosion: equivalent circuit model and implementation”. Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 29, p. 55040, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab72e6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab72e6...
] |
Ground rod |
Corrosion detection |
Longitudinal acoustic guided waves |
Pulse-echo |
None |
[9[9] N. Hirai, Y. Ohki, “Highly sensitive detection of distorted points in a cable by frequency domain reflectometry”, Proceedings of 2014 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, pp. 144-147, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2014.6870741. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEIM.2014.68707...
] |
Coaxial cable |
Fault location |
Microwave |
Impedance in the frequency domain |
None |
[10[10] Q. Shi, O. Kanoun, “Wire fault diagnosis in the frequency domain by impedancespectroscopy”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol 64, pp. 2178-2187, 2015.https://doi.org/2179-2187.10.1109/TIM.2014.2386918. https://doi.org/2179-2187.10.1109/TIM.20...
] |
Coaxial cable |
Fault location |
Microwave |
Impedance Spectroscopy |
None |
[11[11] C. Furs, P. Smith, and M. Diamond, “Feasibility of Reflectometry for Nondestructive Evaluation of Prestressed Concrete Anchors”, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 9, pp. 1322 - 1329, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2009.2019309. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2009.201930...
] |
Steel cable |
Fault location |
Microwave |
Γ (Reflection coefficient) |
None |
[12[12] Ruslee Sutthaweekul and Gui Y. Tian, Steel Corrosion Stages Characterization Using Open Ended Rectangular Waveguide Probe. IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 1054 - 1062, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2775521. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.277552...
] |
Steel in Concrete |
Characterization of steel corrosion stages |
Microwave |
|S11| |
None |
[13[13] K. Bouzaffour, B. Lescop, P. Talbot, F. Gallée, and S. Rioual, “Development of an Embedded UHF-RFID Corrosion Sensor for Monitoring Corrosion of Steel in Concrete”, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 21, pp. 12306-12312, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3064970. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.306497...
] |
Steel in concrete |
Corrosion detection |
UHF |
|S11| |
None |
[15[15] L. Novo, M. De Melo, M. De Oliveira, J. Bezerra, L. De Medeiros, R. Aquino, “Design connector for measurements in high frequency on anchor rods”, International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanic, Vol. 45, pp. 457 - 464, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAE-141864. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAE-141864...
] |
Anchor rod |
Fault Detection |
Microwave |
|S11| |
None |
[16[16] M. S. Coutinho, L. R. G. S. Lourenço Novo, M. T. de Melo, L. H. A.de Medeiros, D. C. P. Barbosa, M. M. Alves, V. L. Tarragô, R. G. M. dos Santos, H. B. T. D. Lott Neto and P. H. R. P. Gama, “Machine learning-based system for fault detection on anchor rods of cable-stayed power transmission towers”. Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 194, p. 107106, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107106.347 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2021.1071...
] |
Anchor rod |
Fault Detection |
Microwave |
|S11| |
Logistic Regression |
[17[17] H. Zheng, S. Zhang, and X. Sun, “Classification recognition of anchor rod based on PSO-SVM”, 29th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), pp. 2207-2212, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCDC.2017.7978881. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCDC.2017.797888...
] |
Anchor rod |
Fault Detection |
Vibration |
Signal characteristics (mean value, peak value, peak-to-peak value, standard deviation, kurtosis, root mean square value, etc.) |
PSO-SVM |
[19[19] H V H Silva Filho, Marcelo S Coutinho, M T de Melo, E M F de Oliveira, Vinícius L Tarragô, Lauro R G S Lourenco Novo, L M da Silva and Fabio N Fraga, “Design of a connector for fault detection in eye bolts used as insulator anchorages”, Engineering Research Express”, Vol. 2, p. 45021, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/abc9d0. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/abc9d0...
] |
Eye bolt |
Fault Detection |
Microwave |
|S11| |
ANN |
[20[20] H. V. H. Silva Filho; D. C. P. Barbosa; M. S. Coutinho; M. T. de Melo, R. G. M. dos Santos, I. Llamas-Garro, “Reliable Structural Failure Detection in Eye Bolts using Reflectometry Signals”, 50 th European Microwave Conference (EuMC), pp. 1107-1110, 2021. https://doi.org/10-11.23919/EuMC48046.2021.9338147. https://doi.org/10-11.23919/EuMC48046.20...
] |
Eye bolt |
Fault Detection |
Microwave |
|S11| |
None |
Proposed System |
Eye bolt |
Fault Detection |
Microwave |
S11 VSWR Input Impedance |
Random Forest |