Performance Analysis of a Compact Conformal SWB Antenna for 5G and Wearable IoT Applications

Sagne, Dipika; Pandhare, Rashmi A.

doi:10.1590/2179-10742024v23i2278747

Dipika Sagne

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nagpur, India.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0058-2843

Rashmi A. Pandhare

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nagpur, India.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8533-1279

deepika.sagne@gmail.com rush9ap@gmail.com

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Fig. 1
Arrowhead slot Super Wide Band (SWB) antenna.

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Fig. 2
Parametric analysis of the radius of the patch antenna and length of the ground plane

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Fig. 3
Arrowhead slot Super Wide Band (SWB) antenna design stage-wise.

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Fig. 4
Simulated return losses of the antenna concerning stage-wise modification.

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Fig. 5
Gain vs. Frequency plot with respect to stage wise modification.

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Fig. 6
Comparative analysis of proposed SWB antennas with the Chu and McLean curves.

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Fig. 7
Proposed antenna with (a) 0˚ (b) 60˚ (c) 90˚ (d) 120˚ bending angles.

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Fig. 8
Proposed antenna reflection coefficient characteristics for bending angles.

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Fig. 9
Total efficiency Vs. Operating Frequency band.

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Fig. 10
Gain vs. Operating Frequency band for bending scenario.

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Fig. 11
Antenna Face-to-Face Arrangement and Side-to-Side Arrangement.

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Fig. 12
Transmitted and Received Signal of Antenna (a) side by side (b) face to face.

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Fig. 13
Group Delay of Side to side and Face to Face configuration respectively.

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Fig. 14
Magnitude of S₂₁ in degrees of Side to side and Face to Face configuration respectively.

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Fig. 15
Phase of S₂₁ in dB of (a) Side to side and (b) Face to Face configuration respectively.

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Fig. 16
Fabricated Patch antenna (a) Front side (b) back side (c) VNA setup of SWB Antenna (d,e) Setup of antenna in an anechoic chamber.

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Fig. 17
The return loss versus frequency graph for simulated and measured antenna.

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Fig. 18
The variation of gain with frequency for simulated and measured antenna.

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Fig. 19
Comparison plot of Simulated and Measured Radiation Patterns E-plane (a) 5GHz (b) 10GHz (c) 20GHz (d) 40 GHz and H-plane (e) 5GHz (f) 10GHz (g) 20GHz (h) 40 GHz.

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Table I
Parameters of the proposed SWB antenna

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Table II
Percentage Bandwidth Comparisons of different stages

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Table III
Size Comparisons with a conventional circular radiator

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Table IV
Electrical size calculation of the proposed SWB antenna

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Table V
Comparative analysis of the proposed SWB antenna with few flexible antennas available in open literature

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Parameters	Dimensions (mm)	Parameters	Dimensions (mm)	Parameters	Dimensions (mm)
Substrate Width (W_S)	22	Chamfering Angle C	45˚	Feed Width (W_f1)	0.7
Substrate Length (L_S)	28	Feed Width (W_f1)	1.5	Feed Width (W_f2)	1.5
Ground Plane Length (Lg)	10.25	Slot Length (L_s1)	1	Length (L1)	12
Radius of Patch (R)	8.5	Slot width (W_s1)	1	Length (L2)	7
Feed Length (L_f)	10.5	Chamfering Angle C	45˚	Antenna Height (h )	0.508

Stage	Techniques	Frequency range (GHz)	Bandwidth (GHz)	% Increase	% Bandwidth	Peak Gain(dB)
Stage -I	Monopole Antenna with Rectangular Feed line	3.49 to 11.95	8.45	-	109.5	3.51
Stage -II	Monopole antenna using Tapered feed	3.38 to 21.5	18.16	52.62%	145%	5.16
Stage -III	Antenna using Chamfered ground plane	3.01 to 31.61	28.51	36.30%	165%	6.11
Stage -IV	Antenna using chamfered and slot	3.03 to 69.17	66.13	56.88%	183%	6.74
Stage -V	Final Design	3.14 to 99.24	96.1	31.18%	187%	6.92

Frequency	Conventional circular radiator size mm³	Proposed SWB antenna radiator size mm³	% Size reduction
3.1 GHz	620.68	312.92	50%

Approach	Patch Height (mm)	f_L (GHz)	Wavelength at λ_L	Wavenumber (k_L)	k_L^*a (rad)
Simulated	0.035	3.12	96.15	0.0653	0.94
Fabricated	0.035	3.16	94.93	0.0661	0.96

Ref. No.	Antenna Dimension (mm³)	Frequency Range GHz	Bandwidth %	Peak Gain dBi	Material Used	Bending Analysis	Fundamental Dimension Theory Analysis	Time Domain Analysis
[¹⁰[10] V. Sharma, Gunaram, J. K. Deegwal, and D. Mathur, “Super-Wideband Compact Offset Elliptical Ring Patch Antenna for 5G Applications,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 122, no. 2, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11277-021-08965-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08965... ]	39 x 45x0.8	2.31 - 40	188.45	5.81	RT Duroid	No	No	Yes
[¹⁷[17] S. Kundu and A. Chatterjee, “A compact super wideband antenna with stable and improved radiation using super wideband frequency selective surface,” AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 150, p. 154200, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.aeue.2022.154200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2022.1542... ]	35 × 30 × 0.8	2.8-40	173.8	7.16	RT Duroid	No	Yes	Yes
[²⁴[24] S. Dey, M. S. Arefin, and N. C. Karmakar, “Design and Experimental Analysis of a Novel Compact and Flexible Super Wide Band Antenna for 5G,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 46698-46708, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3068082. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3068... ]	60 x 40x0.1	1.96 to 67	188	9.24	Ultralam 3850	No	No	No
[³⁸[38] M. Karimyian-Mohammadabadi, M. A. Dorostkar, F. Shokuohi, M. Shanbeh, and A. Torkan, “Super-wideband textile fractal antenna for wireless body area networks,” Journal of electromagnetic waves and applications, vol. 29, no. 13, pp. 1728-1740, 2015, doi: 10.1080/09205071.2015.1060139. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2015.10... ]	60x80x2.5	1.4 to 20	173	7.5	Polyester nonwoven fabric	No	No	No
[³⁹[39] S. Meghana, G. S. Karthikeya, B. K. Sujatha, and P. Prabhakar, “A Super Wideband Washable Antenna Demonstrated On Flannel,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, vol. 102, pp. 95-100, 2022, doi: 10.2528/PIERL21120801. https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERL21120801.... ]	60 x40x 1	7 to 28	114	NA	flannel.	No	No	No
[⁴⁰[40] M. Rabiul Hasan, M. A. Riheen, P. Sekhar, and T. Karacolak, “Compact CPW-fed circular patch flexible antenna for super-wideband applications,” IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1069-1073, 2020, doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2020.0155. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2020.015... ]	34x 25x0.13	1.66 to 56.1	188	6	PET Paper	No	No	Yes
[⁴¹[41] B. Prudhvi Nadh, B. T. P. Madhav, M. Siva Kumar, M. Venkateswara Rao, and T. Anilkumar, “Circular ring structured ultra-wideband antenna for wearable applications,” International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 29, no. 4, p. e21580, 2019, doi: 10.1002/mmce.21580. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.21580.... ]	30x25x0.8	3.1 to 11.5	114	5.25	RT Duroid	Yes	No	Yes
[⁴²[42] A. Yadav, V. Kumar Singh, A. Kumar Bhoi, G. Marques, B. Garcia-Zapirain, and I. de la Torre Díez, “Wireless Body Area Networks: UWB Wearable Textile Antenna for Telemedicine and Mobile Health Systems,” Micromachines (Basel), vol. 11, no. 6, p. 558, May 2020, doi: 10.3390/mi11060558. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11060558.... ]	25 x 25	2.9 to 11.6	118	5.47	Jeans	No	No	Yes
[⁴³[43] B. Tiwari, S. H. Gupta, and V. Balyan, “Design and comparative analysis of compact flexible UWB antenna using different substrate materials for WBAN applications,” Applied Physics A, vol. 126, no. 11, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s00339-020-04011-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-04011... ]	24.5×22.4 ×1.5	3.1 to 10.7	110	5.9	Cotton	No	No	No
[⁴⁴[44] S. Lakrit, S. Das, B. T. P. Madhav, and K. Vasu Babu, “An octagonal star shaped flexible UWB antenna with band-notched characteristics for WLAN applications,” Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 15, no. 2, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/15/02/P02021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/02/... ]	42.5 × 30 × 0.6	3.25 to 13	120	6.7	Teflon	Yes	No	No
[⁴⁵[45] A. Kumar, V. Kumar, R. Sharma, and A. P. S. Pharwaha. "On the development of compact super-wideband fractal antenna." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 16, no. 15: 1145-1152, 2023.]	28 x 30 x 1	2.37-38.95	177	9	FR4	No	No	No
Proposed	28 x 22 x 0.508	3.12 to 99.6	187	6.9	RT Duroid	Yes	Yes	Yes

Q = \{\begin{cases} \frac{2 w W_{E e}}{P_{r a d i a t e d}}, W_{E e} \geq W_{M e} \\ \frac{2 w W_{M e}}{P_{r a d i a t e d}}, W_{M e} \geq W_{E e} \end{cases}

F = \{\frac{\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty} P_{t} (t) P_{r} (t - τ) d t}{\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty} P_{t} {(t)}^{2} d t . \int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty} P_{r} {(t)}^{2} d t}\}

[1] deepika.sagne@gmail.com rush9ap@gmail.com

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Performance Analysis of a Compact Conformal SWB Antenna for 5G and Wearable IoT Applications

Abstract