CLASS CONTEXT, TEACHER’S BEHAVIOR AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS DURING PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES

Brey, Josieli Regina; Suga, Alessandra Cardozo Machado; Silva, Alexandre Augusto de Paula da; Rodriguez-Añez, Ciro Romelio

doi:10.4025/JPHYSEDUC.V32I1.3243

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Journal of Physical Education

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Original Article • J. Phys. Educ. 32 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.4025/JPHYSEDUC.V32I1.3243 copy

CLASS CONTEXT, TEACHER’S BEHAVIOR AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS DURING PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES

CONTEXTO DA AULA, COMPORTAMENTO DO PROFESSOR E NÍVEIS DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA DURANTE AULAS DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This study aimed at evaluating the association between class context and the teacher’s behavior with the physical activity (PA) level of Elementary School students during Physical Education (PE) classes. Eighteen PE classes from six schools were assessed. Class context and the teacher’s behavior were measured based on systematic observation, that is, by using the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT), whereas the students' PA level was measured with accelerometry. Data were treated with descriptive statistics and shown as the percentage of the class time spent in sedentary behavior and at different PA levels. The association between class context and the teacher’s behavior with different PA levels was assessed by applying binary logistic regression. The percentage of students with regard to the structured games (35.8%), skill practice (23.2%) and management (21.7%) represented 80.7% of PE class total time. General instructions (45.5%), management (28.7%) and observation (18.3%) were the most frequent teacher’s types of behavior seen. It was found that the percentage of time students spent in sedentary behavior and at different PA levels during PE classes varied according to the class context and the teachers' behavior.

Keywords:
Class context; Teacher's behavior; Physical activity; Elementary school students; Physical Education

		Male		Female		p	Total
Variable	Category	n	%	n	%	p	n	%
Individual Characteristics
Sex	-	52	48.6	55	51.4	-	107	100.0
Age (years old)	5	6	11.5	7	12.7	0.657^t	13	12.1
	6	10	19.2	12	21.8		22	20.6
	7	9	17.3	8	14.5		17	15.9
	8	7	13.5	7	12.7		14	13.1
	9	6	115	11	20.0		17	15.9
	≥ 10	14	26.9	10	18.2		24	22.4
Body Mass Index*	Low weight	1	1.9	6	10.9	0.371^t	7	6.5
	Normal weight	36	69.2	29	52.7		65	60.7
	Overweight	11	21.2	7	12.7		18	16.8
	Obese	4	7.7	13	23.6		17	15.9
Class	1^st	17	32.7	19	34.5	0.013^t	36	33.6
	3^rd	18	34.6	18	32.7		36	33.6
	5^th	17	32.7	18	32.7		35	32.7
Mean period of time in minutes spent in the different physical activity levels estimated from the epochs**
PA level		Min	%	Min	%		Min	%
Sedentary		2.3	7.5	1.8	6.0	0.001	2.1	6.7
Light		12.4	39.4	13.3	42.2	0.001	12.9	40.8
Moderate		3.4	10.9	3.8	12.1	0.021	3.6	11.5
Vigorous		13.3	42.3	12.4	39.6	0.002	12.9	40.9

Physical activity intensities
Class context	Sedentary		Light		Moderate		Vigorous		P	Total
Class context	min	%	min	%	min	%	min	%	P	min	%
Management	0.6	27.6	3.4	26.1	0.8	22.8	2.1	16.1	0,139^t	6,9	21,7
Specific knowledge	0.3	14.8	1.3	10.4	0.2	6.3	0.3	2.4	<0.001^t	2,2	7,0
Physical fitness	0.2	10.6	1.1	8,9	0.2	5.5	0.8	6.6	<0.001^t	2,4	7,7
Skill practice	0.3	15.3	3.3	25.4	0.9	25.9	2.8	21.6	0.204^t	7,3	23,2
Structured game	0.6	30.3	3.6	27.7	1.3	36.2	5.8	44.7	<0.001^t	11,3	35,8
Others - free play	0.0	2.2	0.2	12.9	0.1	8.3	1.1	76.6	<0.001^t	1,5	4,6
Teacher’s behavior
Fitness promotion	0.0	9.8	0.1	45.5	0.0	5.3	0.1	39.4	0.168^t	0,3	1,0
Fitness demonstration	0.2	9.6	0.9	47.3	0.2	9.3	0.7	33.8	<0.001^t	1,9	6,2
General instructions	1.0	7.0	5.9	40.9	1.7	12.0	5.7	40.0	0.114^t	14,3	45,5
Management	0.7	7.3	4.0	44.7	1.1	11.9	3.3	36.1	<0.001^t	9,0	28,7
Observation	0.2	4.2	1.9	32.7	0.6	10.7	3.0	52.4	<0.001^t	5,8	18,3
Other tasks	0.0	1.5	0.0	18.2	0.0	10.6	0.1	69.7	<0.001^t	0,2	0,5

Physical activity intensities
		Sedentary			Light			Moderate			Vigorous
Variable	Category	n	%	p	n	%	p	n	%	p	n	%	p
Class context
Management	No	364	6.9	0.001	1939	36.9	<0.001	569	10.8	0.817	2383	45.3	<0.001
Management	Yes	137	9.5	0.001	700	48.3	<0.001	160	11.0	0.817	452	31.2	<0.001
Specific knowledge	No	420	6.7	<0.001	2351	37.7	<0.001	686	11.0	0.213	2777	44.5	<0.001
Specific knowledge	Yes	81	17.2	<0.001	288	61.3	<0.001	43	9.1	0.213	58	12.3	<0.001
Physical fitness	No	453	7.3	0.086	2402	38.8	0.001	679	11.0	0.411	2659	42.9	<0.001
Physical fitness	Yes	48	9.4	0.086	237	46.4	0.001	50	9.8	0.411	176	34.4	<0.001
Skill practice	No	434	8.5	<0.001	1978	38.6	0.026	526	10.3	0.004	2183	42.6	0.311
Skill practice	Yes	67	4.2	<0.001	661	41.8	0.026	203	12.8	0.004	652	41.2	0.311
Structured game	No	334	7.6	0.469	1910	43.7	<0001	475	10.9	0.987	1651	37.8	<0.001
Structured game	Yes	167	7.2	0.469	729	31.2	<0001	254	10.9	0.987	1184	50.7	<0.001
Others (free play)	No	500	7.9	<0.001^f	2615	41.2	<0,001	710	11.2	0.001	2522	39.7	<0.001
Others (free play)	Yes	1	0.3	<0.001^f	24	6.7	<0,001	19	5.3	0.001	313	87.7	<0.001
The teacher’s behavior
Promotion	No	493	7.4	0,.45^f	2609	39.3	0.217	725	10.9	0.312^f	2813	42.4	0.198
Promotion	Yes	8	12.5	0,.45^f	30	46.9	0.217	4	6.3	0.312^f	22	34.4	0.198
Demonstration	No	462	7.3	0.109	2450	38.9	0.005	683	10.9	0.831	2698	42.9	<0.001
Demonstration	Yes	39	9.5	0.109	189	46.0	0.005	46	11.2	0.831	137	33.3	<0.001
General instructions	No	257	7.0	0.101	1403	38.2	0.030	385	10.5	0.253	1629	44.3	<0.001
General instructions	Yes	244	8.1	0.101	1236	40.8	0.030	344	11.4	0.253	1206	39.8	<0.001
Management	No	350	7.3	0.478	1803	37.8	<0.001	519	10.9	0.976	2104	44.1	<0.001
Management	Yes	151	7.8	0.478	836	43.4	<0.001	210	10.9	0.976	731	37.9	<0.001
Observation	No	442	8.1	<0.001	2297	42.0	<0.001	607	11.1	0.225	2126	38.9	<0.001
Observation	Yes	59	4.8	<0.001	342	27.8	<0.001	122	9.9	0.225	709	57.5	<0.001
Other tasks	No	501	7.5	0.115^f	2633	39.5	0.002	726	10.9	0.795^f	2805	42.1	<0.001
Other tasks	Yes	0	0.0	0.115^f	6	15.4	0.002	3	7.7	0.795^f	30	76.9	<0.001

Physical activity intensities
		Sedentary			Light			Moderate			Vigorous
Variable	Category	n	%	p	n	%	p	n	%	p	n	%	p
Class context
Management	No	301	5.6	0.002	2173	40.2	<0.001	640	11.8	0.183	2292	42.4	<0.001
Management	Yes	116	7.7	0.002	751	49.7	<0.001	198	13.1	0.183	446	29.5	<0.001
Specific knowledge	No	362	5.6	<0.001	2631	40.9	<0.001	783	12.2	0.685	2664	41.4	<0.001
Specific knowledge	Yes	55	11.5	<0.001	293	61.4	<0.001	55	11.5	0.685	74	15.5	<0.001
Physical fitness	No	368	5.8	<0.001	2666	41.8	0.003	802	12.6	<0.001	2548	39.9	0.053
Physical fitness	Yes	49	9.2	<0.001	258	48.4	0.003	36	6.8	<0.001	190	35.6	0.053
Skill practice	No	344	6.4	0.007	2171	40.7	<0.001	635	11.9	0.320	2185	41.0	<0.001
Skill practice	Yes	73	4.6	0.007	753	47.6	<0.001	203	12.8	0.320	553	35.0	<0.001
Structured game	No	306	7.0	<0.001	2112	48.3	<0.001	525	12.0	0.700	1432	32.7	<0.001
Structured game	Yes	111	4.4	<0.001	812	31.9	<0.001	313	12.3	0.700	1306	51.4	<0.001
Others (free play)	No	404	6.1	0.377	2867	43.1	<0.001	805	12.1	0.983	2569	38.7	<0.001
Others (free play)	Yes	13	4.8	0.377	57	21.0	<0.001	33	12.1	0.983	169	62.1	<0.001
The teacher’s behavior
Promotion	No	412	6.0	0.645	2894	42.3	0.757	835	12.2	0.059^f	2708	39.5	0.442
Promotion	Yes	5	7.4	0.645	30	44.1	0.757	3	4.4	0.059^f	30	44.1	0.442
Demonstration	No	375	5.8	0.001	2716	41.9	0.007	806	12.4	0.002	2591	39.9	0.020
Demonstration	Yes	42	9.8	0.001	208	48.5	0.007	32	7.5	0.002	147	34.3	0.020
General instructions	No	227	6.0	0.954	1625	43.3	0.069	438	11.7	0.207	1466	39.0	0.305
General instructions	Yes	190	6.0	0.954	1299	41.1	0.069	400	12.7	0.207	1272	40.2	0.305
Management	No	284	5.7	0.121	2014	40.8	<0.001	584	11.8	0.233	2059	41.7	<0.001
Management	Yes	133	6.7	0.121	910	46.1	<0.001	254	12.9	0.233	679	34.4	<0.001
Observation	No	371	6.6	<0.001	2453	43.3	<0.001	693	12.2	0.493	2144	37.9	<0.001
Observation	Yes	46	3.7	<0.001	471	37.5	<0.001	145	11.5	0.493	594	47.3	<0.001
Other tasks	No	416	6.0	1.000^f	2918	42.4	0.035	834	12.1	0.561^f	2722	39.5	0.036
Other tasks	Yes	1	3.7	1.000^f	6	22.2	0.035	4	14.8	0.561^f	16	59.3	0.036

	Male
	Crude								Adjusted*
	PA Intensity
	Sedentary		Light		Moderate		Vigorous		Sedentary		Light		Moderate		Vigorous
Variable	OR	CI_95%	OR	CI_95%	OR	CI_95%	OR	CI_95%	OR	CI_95%	OR	CI_95%	OR	CI_95%	OR	CI_95%
Class context
Management	1.40	1.14-1.72	1.60	1.42-1.80	1.02	0.85-1.23	0.55	0.48-0.62	1.37	1.11-1.69	1.61	1.43-1.81	1.02	0.85-1.23	0.54	0.48-0.62
Specific knowledge	2.88	2.22-3.73	2.61	2.16-3.17	0.81	0.59-1.12	0.17	0.13-0.23	3.07	2.33-3.96	2.64	2.18-3.20	0.82	0.59-1.13	0.17	0.13-0.22
Physical fitness	1.31	0.96-1.79	1.36	1.14-1.64	0.88	0.65-1.19	0.70	0.58-0.84	1.83	1.32-2.53	1.30	1.09-1.56	0.84	0.62-1.14	0.69	0.57-0.84
Skill practice	0.48	0.37-0.62	1.14	1.02-1.28	1.28	1.08-1.53	0.94	0.84-1.06	0.41	0.31-0.53	1.11	0.98-1.25	1.35	1.13-1.61	0.99	0.88-1.12
Structured game	0.93	0.77-1.13	0.58	0.53-0.65	1.00	0.85-1.17	1.70	1.53-1.88	0.92	0.75-1.13	0.59	0.53-0.65	0.99	0.84-1.16	1.69	1.53-1.88
Others (free play)	0.03	0.01-0.23	0.10	0.07-0.16	0.45	0.28-0.71	10.79	7.84-14.85	0.03	0.00-0.24	0.11	0.07-0.17	0.44	0.27-0.71	10.20	7.34-13.95
The teacher’s behavior
Promotion	1.78	0.84-3.76	1.36	0.83-2.23	0.54	0.20-1.50	0.71	0.42-1.20	1.64	0.76-3.54	1.16	0.70-1.91	0.56	0.20-1.56	0.86	0.51-1.45
Demonstratrion	1.32	0.94-1.86	1.33	1.09-1.63	1.03	0.75-1.42	0.67	0.54-0.82	2.24	1.57-3.23	0.76	0.62-0.94	0.97	0.70-1.34	0.62	0.50-0.77
General instructions	1.16	0.97-1.40	1.11	1.01-1.23	1.09	0.94-1.28	0.83	0.75-0.91	1.00	0.83-1.21	1.05	0.95-1.17	1.13	0.97-1.33	0.89	0.81-0.99
Management	1.07	0.88-1.31	1.26	1.13-1.40	1.00	0.85-1.18	0.78	0.70-0.86	1.01	0.83-1.23	1.28	1.15-1.43	1.01	0.88-1.20	0.77	0.69-0.86
Observation	0.57	0.43-0.75	0.53	0.46-0.61	0.88	0.72-1.08	2.13	1.88-2.42	0.67	0.50-0.90	0.56	0.49-0.65	0.84	0.68-1.04	1.98	1.74-2.26
Other tasks	0.00^a	0.00-0.00	0.28	0.12-0.66	0.68	0.21-2.22	4.58	2.17-9.68	0.00^a	0.00-0.00	0.26	0.11-0.63	0.63	0.19-2.06	4.64	2.19-9.84
	Female
Class context
Management	1.41	1.13-1.76	1.47	1.31-1.65	1.12	0.95-1.33	0.57	0.50-0.64	1.36	1.09-1.70	1.45	1.29-1.63	1.14	0.96-1.35	0.58	0.51-0.65
Specific knowledge	2.19	1.62-2.95	2.30	1.90-2.79	0.94	0.70-1.26	0.26	0.20-0.33	2.28	1.69-3.09	2.34	1.93-2.83	0.93	0.70-1.25	0.26	0.20-0.33
Physical fitness	1.65	1.21-2.26	1.31	1.10-1.56	0.50	0.36-0.71	0.83	0.69-1.00	1.85	1.34-2.54	1.34	1.12-1.61	0.49	0.35-0.70	0.80	0.66-0.97
Skill practice	0.70	0.54-0.91	1.32	1.18-1.48	1.09	0.92-1.29	0.77	0.69-0.87	0.75	0.58-0.98	1.41	1.25-1.58	1.06	0.89-1.26	0.72	0.64-0.82
Structured game	0.61	0.49-0.76	0.50	0.45-0.56	1.03	0.89-1.20	2.17	1.96-2.40	0.56	0.44-0.70	0.47	0.43-0.53	1.06	0.91-1.23	2.34	2.11-2.59
Others (free play)	0.77	0.44-1.37	0.35	0.26-0.47	1.00	0.69-1.45	2.60	2.03-3.34	0.77	0.44-1.37	0.35	0.26-0.47	1.00	0.68-1.45	2.63	2.05-3.39
The teacher’s behavior
Promotion	1.24	0.50-3.10	1.08	0.67-1.74	0.33	0.10-1.06	1.21	0.75-1.95	1.63	0.64-4.13	1.20	0.74-1.95	0.30	0.09-0.97	1.06	0.65-1.72
Demonstration	1.77	1.26-2.47	1.31	1.07-1.59	0.57	0.39-0.82	0.78	0.64-0.96	1.92	1.36-2.71	1.31	1.07-1.60	0.56	0.39-0.82	0.77	0.62-0.95
General instructions	0.99	0.81-1.21	0.91	0.83-1.01	1.10	0.95-1.27	1.05	0.95-1.16	1.07	0.87-1.31	0.95	0.86-1.04	1.07	0.92-1.24	1.01	0.91-1.12
Management	1.18	0.96-1.46	1.24	1.12-1.38	1.10	0.94-1.29	0.73	0.66-0.82	1.16	0.94-1.44	1.24	1.12-1.38	1.10	0.94-1.29	0.73	0.66-0.82
Observation	0.54	0.40-0.74	0.78	0.69-0.89	0.94	0.77-1.13	1.47	1.30-1.66	0.45	0.33-0.62	0.72	0.63-0.82	0.98	0.80-1.19	1.66	1.46-1.89
Other tasks	0.60	0.08-4.42	0.39	0.16-0.96	1.26	0.44-3.66	2.23	1.03-4.81	0.62	0.08-4.63	0.38	0.15-0.94	1.29	0.44-3.75	2.26	1.04-4.90

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[1] Author adress: Josieli Regina Brey. Rua Pedro Gusso, 2601 - Neoville CEP 81310-900 - Curitiba - PR. E-mail: josieli_brey@yahoo.com.br