Bandy (19)
|
n=63 |
Sternum-bed distance |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar extension (experienced and unexperienced raters) |
Experienced ICC: 0.90-0.91; unexperienced ICC: 0.82-0.86 |
Beattie (20)
|
n=100 |
Modified Schöber’s test |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility (n=11) of lumbar extension |
Intra-rater ICC: 0.90; Inter-rater ICC: 0.94 |
Burdett (21)
|
n=23 |
Modified Schöber’s test |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion. |
ICC:0.72 |
Dopf (22)
|
n=30 |
Modified Moll’s and modified Schöber’s tests |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension. |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: r: 0.89; Extension: r: 0.66; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: r: 0.76; Extension: r: 0.54. |
Frost (23)
|
n=24 |
Finger-floor distance and C7-S2 |
Intra- and inter-rater repeatability and reproducibility of trunk flexion and extension |
Repeatability: Flexion: r: 0.98; Extension: r: 0.96; Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: r: 0.98; Extension: r: 0.79; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: r: 0.94; Extension: r: 0.78 |
Gill (24)
|
n=10 |
Modified Schöber’s test and finger-floor distance |
Repeatability of lumbar flexion and extension |
Flexion: Modified Schöber: CV: 0.9-1.5; Finger-floor: CV: 14.1; Extension: Modified Schöber : CV: 2.8-2.9 |
Merritt (25)
|
n=50 |
Modified Schöber’s, Moll’s, Loebl’s tests, and finger-floor distance |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of trunk flexion and extension |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: Finger-floor distance: mean CV: 76.4; Schöber: mean CV: 6.6; Loebl: mean CV: 13.4; Extension: Moll: mean CV: 7.3; Loebl: mean CV: 50.7; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: Finger-floor distance: mean CV: 83.0; Schöber: mean CV: 6.3; Loebl: mean CV: 9.6; Extension: Moll: mean CV: 9.5; Loebl: mean CV: 65.4 |
Ronchi(26)
|
n=23 |
Modified Schöber’s test |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion |
Intra-rater reproducibility: ICC: 0.77; Inter-rater reproducibility: ICC: 0.74 |
Miller(27)
|
n=50 |
Modified Schöber’s test |
Inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion |
r:0.71 |
1st Author |
Sample |
Instrument |
Assessed Aspect |
Results |
Paternostro-Sluga(28)
|
n=16 |
Ott’s, Schöber’s, Modified Schöber’s test, and finger-floor distance |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of trunk flexion |
Good reproducibility (ICC values not specified) |
Hyytiäinen(29)
|
n=30 |
Schöber’s test |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion |
Intra-rater reproducibility: r: 0.88; inter-rater: r: 0.87 |
Van Den Dolder(30)
|
n=60 |
Author’s own methodology |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion |
Intra-rater reproducibility: ICC: 0.95; Inter-rater reproducibility: ICC: 0.96 |
Inclinometer |
|
|
|
|
Bø(31)
|
n=16 |
Digital inclinometer |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of thoracolumbar flexion and extension |
Flexion: intra-rater ICC: 0.84-0.92; Inter-rater ICC: 0.83-0.92. Extension: intra-rater ICC: 0.85-0.86; Inter-rater ICC: 0.68-0.88 |
Breum(32)
|
n=47 |
Modified inclinometer (BROM II) |
Intra-, inter-rater reproducibility and validity of lumbar flexion and extension (dual inclinometer) |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.91; Extension: ICC: 0.63; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.77; Extension: ICC: 0.35; Validity: Flexion: ICC: 0.75; Extension: ICC: 0.63 |
Dopf(22)
|
n=30 |
Dual inclinometer |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension. |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: r: 0.92; Extension: r: 0.93; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: r: 0.71; Extension: r: 0.78 |
Gill(24)
|
n=10 |
Dual inclinometer |
Repeatability of lumbar flexion and extension |
Flexion: CV: 9.3-33.9; Extension: CV: 2.8-4.7 |
Kolber(33)
|
n=30 |
Inclinometer and mobile device (inclinometer - iPhone) |
Intra-, inter-rater reproducibility and validity (inclinometer) of lumbar and trunk flexion and extension. |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: iPhone: lumbar: ICC: 0.88; thoracolumbopelvic: ICC: 0.97; Inclinometer: lumbar: ICC: 0.83; thoracolumbopelvic: ICC: 0.96; Extension (thoracolumbopelvic only): iPhone: only: 0,80; Inclinometer: ICC: 0.88; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: iPhone: lumbar: only: 0.88; thoracolumbopelvic: ICC: 0.98; Inclinometer: lumbar: ICC: 0,81; thoracolumbopelvic: ICC: 0.97; Extension (thoracolumbopelvic only): iPhone: ICC: 0,81; Inclinometer: ICC: 0.91; Validity: Flexion: lumbar: ICC: 0.86-0.87; thoracolumbopelvic: ICC: 0.97-0.98; Extension (thoracolumbopelvic only): ICC: 0.89-0.91 |
1st Author |
Sample |
Instrument |
Assessed Aspect |
Results |
Mayer(34)
|
n=18 |
Inclinometer and electroinclinometer |
Intra- and inter-rater repeatability and reproducibility of lumbar flexion |
All instruments presented repeatability (r 0.89) and intra- (F=1,39, df=13.319) and inter-rater (F=1.62, df=1.319) reproducibility |
Mellin(35)
|
n=27 |
Inclinometer |
Intra-rater reproducibility of thoracolumbar flexion and extension. |
Flexion: r: 0.91-0.95; Extension: r: 0.72-0.92 |
Ng(36)
|
n=12 |
Modified inclinometer |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Flexion: ICC: 0.87; Extension: ICC: 0.92 |
Ronchi(26)
|
n=23 |
Dual inclinometer |
Intra and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.95; Extension: ICC: 0.94; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.89; Extension: ICC: 0.91 |
Chiarello(37)
|
n=12 |
Electroinclinometer |
Inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.74; Extension: ICC: 0.65-0.85 |
Rondinelli(38)
|
n=8 |
An inclinometer, dual inclinometer and electroinclinometer (Back ROM) |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion |
Intra-rater reproducibility: An inclinometer: ICC: 0.85-0.86; Dual inclinometer: ICC: 0.70-0.81; Back ROM: ICC I: 0.81-0.90; Inter-rater reproducibility: An inclinometer: ICC: 0.76; Dual inclinometer: ICC: 0.69; Back ROM: ICC: 0.77 |
Boocock(39)
|
n=12 |
Inclinometer |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar ROM |
Intra-rater reproducibility: r: 0.96 |
Goniometer |
|
|
|
|
Bedekar(40)
|
n=30 |
iPod Mobile Device (goniometer) |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion, concurrent validity (dual inclinometer) |
Intra-rater: ICC: 0.92; Inter-rater: ICC: 0.81; Validity: r: 0.95 |
Chiarello(37)
|
n=12 |
Two goniometers |
Inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.57; Extension: CCI: 0.59-0.67 |
Burdett(21)
|
n=27 |
Modified Gravity Goniometers and Parallelogram |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension. Validity of lumbar flexion and extension |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: Gravity Goniometer: ICC: 0.91; Parallelogram Goniometer: ICC: 0.92; Extension: Gravity Goniometer: ICC: 0.71; Parallelogram Goniometer: ICC: 0.60; Validity: Flexion: Gravity Goniometer: ICC: -0.11; Parallelogram Goniometer: ICC: 0.19; Extension: Gravity Goniometer: ICC: -0.73; Parallelogram Goniometer: ICC: -0.71 |
1st Author |
Sample |
Instrument |
Assessed Aspect |
Results |
Salisbury(41)
|
n=17 |
Goniometer |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Flexion: MAD: 3.80±2.95; Extension: MAD: 3.10±1.98 |
Salisbury(41)
|
n=17 |
Goniometer |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Flexion: MAD: 3.80±2.95; Extension: MAD: 3.10±1.98 |
Boocock(39)
|
n=12 |
Electrogoniometer |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar ROM |
Intra-rater reproducibility: r: 0.78. |
Paquet(42)
|
n=10 |
Electrogoniometer |
Repeatability and validity (two inclinometers) of trunk flexion |
Validity: r: 0.97; Repeatability: ICC: 0.98 |
Tojima(43)
|
n=7 |
Electrogoniometer |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Flexion: ICC: 0.80; extension: ICC: 0.63 |
Motion Analysis System |
|
|
|
|
Gill(44)
|
n=15 |
Video Motion Analysis System |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility (10 individuals) of trunk flexion and extension. |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: r: 0.87; Extension: r: 0.85; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: r: 0.93; Extension: r: 0.96 |
Mannion(45)
|
n=11 |
3D motion analysis system OSI CA-6000 and Space Fastrak |
Repeatability of lumbar flexion and extension |
Repeatability: r: 0.82-0.99, with high ICC (values not specified) |
Petersen(46)
|
n=21 |
3D motion analysis system (OSI CA-6000) |
Intra and inter-rater reproducibility (raters with and without experience) of thoracolumbar flexion and extension |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.90-0.96; Extension: ICC: 0.96; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.93; Extension: ICC: 0.95 |
Pearcy(47)
|
n=10 |
3D motion analysis system (3 SPACE Isotrak) |
Repeatability of lumbar flexion and extension |
RMS error: 0.079 |
Dopf (22)
|
n=30 |
3D motion analysis system (OSI CA-6000) |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension. |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: r: 0.94; Extension: r: 0.94; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: r: 0.76; Extension: r: 0.84. |
Tojima(43)
|
n=7 |
3D motion analysis system (VICON) |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Flexion: ICC: 0.77; extension: ICC: 0.80. |
Troke(48)
|
n=22 |
3D motion analysis system (OSI CA-6000) |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Intra-rater reproducibility: ICC: 0.81-0.94; Inter-rater reproducibility: ICC: 0.73-0.82 |
1st Author |
Sample |
Instrument |
Assessed Aspect |
Results |
Schuit(49)
|
n=10 |
3D Motion Analysis System (OSI CA-6000) and X-Ray |
Inter-rater reproducibility and validity of trunk flexion and extension |
Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: X-ray: ICC: 0.93; OSI: CCI: 0.99; Extension: X-ray: ICC: 0.85; OSI: ICC: 0.98; Validity: Flexion: r: 0.100; Extension: r: 0.394 |
Schuit(49)
|
n=10 |
3D Motion Analysis System (OSI CA-6000) and X-Ray |
Inter-rater reproducibility and validity of trunk flexion and extension |
Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: X-ray: ICC: 0.93; OSI: ICC: 0.99; Extension: X-ray: ICC: 0.85; OSI: ICC: 0.98; Validity: Flexion: r: 0.100; Extension: r: 0.394 |
Flexicurve |
|
|
|
|
Tillotson(50)
|
n=20 |
Flexicurve |
Intra-rater reproducibility and concurrent validity (X-ray) of lumbar flexion and extension. |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: r: 0.95-0.97; Extension: r: 0.96-0.97; Validity: ROM: r: 0.98. |
Burton(51)
|
n=15 |
Flexicurve |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension, validity (X-rays, n=1) |
Intra-rater reproducibility: r: 0.95-0.97; Inter-rater reproducibility: r: 0.82-0.99; validity: the flexicurve presented superior angulation (greater by 1º) to X-ray |
Burton(52)
|
Not presented |
Flexicurve |
Intra and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Intra- (9% error) and inter-rater (7-15%) reproducibility |
Youdas(53)
|
n=10 |
Flexicurve |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.90-0.95; Extension: ICC: 0.96-0.98; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.84-0.91; Extension: ICC: 0.97-0.98 |
Boocock(39)
|
n=12 |
Flexicurve |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar ROM |
Intra-rater reproducibility: r: 0.86 |
Accelerometers |
|
|
|
|
Alqhtani(54)
|
n=18 |
Triaxial accelerometer |
Reproducibility of thoracolumbar flexion and extension. |
Thoracic: flexion (ICC: 0.97-0.99) and extension (ICC: 0.92-0.96); Lumbar: flexion (ICC: 0.95-0.98) and extension (ICC: 0.96-0.97) |
Consmuller(55)
|
n=30 |
Accelerometer |
Intra-rater reproducibility of thoracolumbar flexion and extension. |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.86; Extension: ICC: 0,84 |
Ronchi(26)
|
n=23 |
Accelerometer |
Intra and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Intra-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.99; Extension: ICC: 0.98; Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.95; Extension: ICC: 0.95 |
1st Author |
Sample |
Instrument |
Assessed Aspect |
Results |
Photogrammetry |
|
|
|
|
Tederko(56)
|
n=12 |
Photometry |
Repeatability and reproducibility of thoracic ROM |
ICCs between 0.951 and 0.958 (no expressed isolated values per movement and assessed aspect) |
Gill(24)
|
n=10 |
Photogrammetry |
Repeatability of lumbar flexion and extension |
Flexion: CV: 6.0-22.3; Extension: CV; 11.3-12.4 |
Edmondston(57)
|
n=14 |
Photogrammetry |
Validity of thoracic extension ROM (X-ray). |
r:0.69 |
Inertial System |
|
|
|
|
Ha(58)
|
n=26 |
Inertial System (Xsems MTx) |
Validity (with Fastrak) of lumbar flexion and extension |
Flexion: r: 0.88; Extension: r: 0.66 |
Yun(59)
|
n=19 |
Inertial system |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Intra-rater reproducibility: ICC: 0.90-0.98 |
Other Instruments |
|
|
|
|
Roussel(60)
|
n=61 |
Isokinetic dynamometer |
Inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Inter-rater reproducibility: Flexion: ICC: 0.77; Extension: ICC: 0.93-0.94; |
Williams(61)
|
n=13 |
Fiber Optic System |
Repeatability and validity (3D motion analysis system) of lumbar flexion |
Repeatability: r: 0.94-0.97; Validity: r: 0.86-0.95 |
Lee(62)
|
n=19 |
3D Gyroscope |
Repeatability of lumbar flexion and extension |
Multiple correlation coefficient: 0.97-0.99 |
Salisbury(41)
|
n=17 |
Kyphometer, Goniometer and Flexicurve, measuring tape and ultrasound |
Intra-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Flexion: kyphometer MAD: 2.95 ± 2.96; MAD Goniometer: 3.80 ± 2.95 and Flexicurve MAD: 3.15±2.0. |
Cohn(63)
|
n=19 |
Electromagnetic Sensors |
Intra and inter-rater reproducibility of lumbar flexion and extension |
Intra- and inter-rater reproducibility with ICC> 0.9. |
Fölsch(64)
|
n=28 |
Ultrasonic analysis system |
Intra-rater reproducibility of thoracic flexion and extension. |
Flexion: ICC: 0.71; Extension: ICC: 0.34 |