Akbari et al. (2009) Iran |
a) Examine the influence of a program in FMS development; b) Compare the effective traditional games with daily activities on FMS |
Quasi-experimental |
TGMD-2 (locomotor: run, gallop, hop, leap, horizontal jump, slide; object control: strike, dribble, catch, kick, throw, roll) |
Qualitative |
NR |
NR |
Bonifacci et al. (2004) Italy |
Examine perceptual, visual-motor abilities and intellectual skills in children with low, average and above average motor abilities |
Cross-sectional |
TGMD (locomotor: run, hop, jump, slide, gallop, skip, leap; object control: dribble, kick, throw, catch, strike) |
Qualitative |
NR |
NR |
Karabourniotis et al. (2002) Greece |
Investigate the effect of self-testing activities on the development of FMS in children |
Quasi-experimental |
TGMD (locomotor: run, hop, jump, slide, gallop, skip, leap; object control: dribble, kick, throw, catch, strike) |
Qualitative |
NR |
TGMD is sensitive in the evaluation of FMS of children 3-10 years |
Mitchell et al. (2013) New Zealand |
Describe the efficacy of one intervention on improving FMS |
Quasi-experimental |
TGMD (locomotor: run, hop, jump, slide, gallop, skip, leap; object control: dribble, kick, throw, catch, strike) |
Qualitative |
NR |
NR |
Pang and Fong (2013) China |
Investigated the fundamental motor skill proficiency of 76 female Hong Kong children ages 6-9 |
Cross-sectional |
TGMD-2 (locomotor: run, gallop, hop, leap, horizontal jump, slide; object control: strike, dribble, catch, kick, throw, roll) |
Qualitative |
NR |
Missing studies reporting normative data from different countries |
Spessato et al. (2002) |
Compared the fundamental motor status of Brazilian boys and girls |
Cross-sectional |
TGMD-2 (locomotor: run, gallop, hop, leap, horizontal jump, slide; object control: strike, dribble, catch, kick, throw, roll) |
Qualitative |
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Missing studies reporting normative data from different countries |
Quantitative standardized protocols
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D’Hondt et al. (2010) Belgium |
Investigate differences in MC with different BMI levels in children of different ages |
Longitudinal |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
NR |
D’Hondt et al. (2011) Belgium |
Evaluated the short-term effectiveness of a multidisciplinary program in BMI, related measures, and MC |
Quasi-experimental |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
Limitation of the KTK to assess manipulative skills and/or fine motor skill performance |
D’Hondt et al. (2013) Belgium |
Investigate the evolution in MC according to children’s BMI and identify predicting factors |
Longitudinal |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
Highly reliable - 0.90 and 0.97. Construct validity: r.0.60-0.81 |
NR |
Frasen et al. (2012) Belgium |
effect of sampling various sports and of spending many or few hours in sports on fitness and MC |
Cross- sectional |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
NR |
NR |
Graf (2004) Germany |
Examines the association between BMI, motor abilities and leisure habit |
Cross-sectional |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
NR |
NR |
Hebestreit et al. (2008) Germany |
Assess the difference between head circumference and MC in born prematurely and typical children |
Cross-sectional |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
NR |
Hands (2008) Australia |
Report the results of a subsample of children participating in a longitudinal study tracking fitness and skill levels of children |
Longitudinal (5 years) |
MC screening test (SiS): balance, hop; run; catch. Other measures: throw; horizontal jump |
Quantitative |
Test-retest reliability for each item ranging between .87 to.90. The validity was reported by the original authors |
NR |
Lopes et al. (2011) Portugal |
Relationships among MC, physical fitness and PA in children from 6 to 10 years. |
Longitudinal (5 years) |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
NR |
NR |
Lopes et al. (2012) Portugal |
Examine the influence of MC, physical fitness and PA on the development of subcutaneous adiposity in children |
Longitudinal (5 years) |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
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Lopes et al. (2012) Portugal |
Analyze the association between MC and BMI |
Cross-sectional |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
A more comprehensive MC assessment may provide a clearer picture |
Lopes et al. (2013) Portugal |
Evaluate the relationship between MC and academic achievement in children aged 9-12 years |
Cross-sectional |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
NR |
Martins et al. (2010) Portugal |
Investigate the association between PA, 1-mile run/walk, MC and BMI |
Longitudinal (5 years) |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
NR |
Nourbakhsh (2006) Iran |
Study the perceptual-motor abilities of fifth grade elementary school female pupils. |
Cross-sectional |
BOTMP (Fine Manual Control, Manual Coordination, Body Coordination, Strength & Agility) |
Quantitative |
Reliability = 0.99 Validity = 0.88 |
NR |
Ratzon et al. (2000) Israel |
Examine the effects of diabetes during pregnancy on the long-term MC and to study correlations between glycemic control and MC |
Cross-sectional |
BOTMP (Fine Manual Control, Manual Coordination, Body Coordination, Strength & Agility) |
Quantitative |
NR |
NR |
Vandendriessche et al. (2011) Belgium |
Examine variance in MC by morphological and fitness characteristics |
Cross-sectional |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
NR |
NR |
Vandendriessche et al. (2012) Belgium |
Examined the relationship between SES, sport participation, morphology, fitness and MC |
Cross-sectional |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by other authors |
NR |
Vandorpe et al. (2011) Belgium |
a) Produce current gender- and age-specific reference values for MC of Flemish children b) Compare the raw scores and MQ values with the norms of the original sample |
Longitudinal |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
NR |
NR |
Vandorpe et al. (2012) Belgium |
Examined the relationship between MC and organized sports participation over time |
Longitudinal |
KTK (dynamic balance, hop, jump and stability) |
Quantitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
NR |
Wrotniak et al. (2006) United States |
Examine the relationship between motor proficiency and PA in 8- to 10-year-old children |
Cross-sectional |
BOTMP short form (Fine Manual Control, Manual Coordination, Body Coordination, Strength & Agility) |
Quantitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
The potential for accurately detecting specific aspects or components of motor skill difficulties and determining where improvement needs to occur is limited |
Wrotnick et al. (2009) United States |
Examine the relations of motor abilities among siblings using a comprehensive measure of motor proficiency |
Cross-sectional |
BOTMP short form (Fine Manual Control, Manual Coordination, Body Coordination, Strength & Agility) |
Quantitative |
Reliability coefficient range from .84 to .87 |
Comprehensive measure of MC. Limitations: overall measures of MC were the sum of 14 items; this test does not provide specific information on procedural skills |
Quantitative and qualitative standardized protocols
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Ekornås et al. (2010) Norway |
Compare MC and self-perceived competence between children with and without anxiety disorders |
Cross-sectional |
MABC |
Quantitative and qualitative |
NR |
NR |
Gabbard et al.(2012) United States |
Examine the association between children’s ability to mentally represent action and general MC |
Cross-sectional |
MABC -2 - manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance. |
Quantitative and qualitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by other authors |
NR |
Haga (2008) Norway |
Test physical fitness in children with movement difficulties and a comparison group without movement difficulties |
Cross-sectional |
MABC PF: jumping; throwing; climbing; running |
Quantitative and qualitative |
The MABC has a inter-rater reliability of 0.70. PF - The construct validity - 0.93 (girls); 0.89 (boys). |
PF test - activities that are naturally included in everyday play activities. The test situation is characterised by a game-style atmosphere that may facilitate children’s motivation to participate and perform |
Hands et al. (2009) Australia |
Examine the interrelationships among PA, physical fitness and MC and compare with high and low levels participants. |
Cross-sectional |
McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development (fine motor and gross motor tasks - Finger-Nose-Finger, Jumping for Distance, Heel- Toe-Walk, and Standing on One Foot) |
Quantitative and qualitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
NR |
Livesey et al. (2011) Australia |
Examined the link between motor performance and peer relations |
Cross-sectional |
MABC-2 - manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance. |
Quantitative and qualitative |
NR |
Does not distinguish well the highest of the typical performances |
Rigoli et al. (2012) Australia |
Examine whether the association between MC and emotional functioning is mediated by self-perceptions |
Cross-sectional |
MABC - manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance. |
Quantitative and qualitative |
Reliability coefficient of 0.80 for total test score and coefficients ranging from 0.73 to 0.84 for the individual component scores |
NR |
Schurink et al. (2012) Netherlands |
Examine whether the association between MC and emotional functioning is mediated by self-perceptions |
Cross-sectional |
MABC - manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance. |
Quantitative and qualitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by other authors |
More variety in motor. skill performance are needed |
Zhu et al. (2011) Taiwan |
Investigate the associations between obesity and MC in children with and without DCD |
Cross-sectional |
MABC - manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance. |
Quantitative and qualitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
NR |
Non standardized qualitative protocols
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Beurden et al. (2002) Australia |
Describe the proportion of children from 18 schools who achieved MC mastery. |
Cross-sectional |
Stability: static balance, vertical jump; locomotor: sprint run, side gallop, hop; object control: kick, catch, overhand throw |
Qualitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
NR |
Boyle-Holmes et al. (2010) United States |
Describes a comparative evaluation of Michigan’s Exemplary Physical Education Curriculum in elementary schools |
Quasi-experimental |
Locomotor (leap), posture (lift and carry), and manipulative skills (forehand strike) |
Qualitative |
No psychometric properties |
Vigilance and attention to detail over the entire test; fatigue may have affected scoring |
Foweather et al. (2008) England |
Examine the efficacy of an after-school multiskill club designed to increase FMS proficiency |
Quasi-experimental |
Stability: vertical jump, static balance; locomotor: sprint run, leap; Object control: kick, catch, throw |
Qualitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
NR |
Hume et al. (2008) Australia |
Describe the relationship (a) among MC, PA, and BMI, and (b) among MC, PA and gender |
Cross-sectional |
Locomotor: run, vertical jump, dodge; Object control: overhand throw, two-handed strike, kick |
Qualitative |
NR |
Strength: inclusion of five FMS commonly used in children’s games, sports, and physical activities |
Okely et al. (2001) Australia |
Examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance and FMS proficiency |
Cross-sectional |
Six-item Fundamental Movement Skills Battery (Locomotor (run and jump) and object-control (catch, throw, kick, and strike) skills) |
Qualitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
NR |
Okely et al. (2004) Australia |
Examine associations of FMS with measures of body composition among children and adolescents |
Cross-sectional |
Six-item Fundamental Movement Skills Battery (Locomotor (run and jump) and object-control (catch, throw, kick, and strike) skills) |
Qualitative |
Other authors have established the reliability (.75) and validity (content validity was assessed by a panel of 52 FMS experts) |
Process-oriented ("expert" performer) assessments of FMS were used, because they more accurately identify specific topographical aspects of the movement |
Okely and Booth (2004) Australia |
Examine the prevalence and socio- demographic distribution of skill mastery and near-mastery for boys and girls in Years 1 through 3 |
Cross-sectional |
Six-item FMS - hop, skip, side gallop, over arm throw, kick (stationary ball), leap, two- hand strike, dodge, sprint run, catch, static balance and vertical jump. |
Qualitative |
The reliability and validity was reported by the original authors |
Instrument are more accurately in identify specific topographical aspects of the movement |
Non standardized quantitative protocols
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Kalaja et al. (2011) Finland |
Investigate whether students’ MC and self-reported PA increase through specific intervention |
Quasi-experimental |
Stability: flamingo standing test, rolling test, rope jumping test; locomotor: shuttle run test, leaping test; object control: accuracy throwing test, figure-8 dribbling test |
Quantitative |
The reliability was reported by other authors and showed moderate to good reliabilities (.46 -.95) |
Not all of the tests have been proven as reliable in previous studies |