Hernandez-Reif et al., 2002 3939 Hernandez-Reif M, Field T, Diego M, Largie S. Depressed mothers’ newborns show longer habituation and fail to show face/voice preference. Infant Ment Health J. 2002;23:643-53.
|
20 (10 IDMs) |
45 h |
Habituation and dishabituation to mother and stranger face-voice |
IDMs required more trials and took longer to habituate to their mothers' face and voice IDMs failed to discriminate their own mothers from a stranger |
Field, 1984 1818 Field TM. Early interactions between infants and their postpartum depressed mothers. Infant Behav Dev. 1984;7:527-32.
|
28 (14 IDMs) |
3.0 mo |
Mother-infant interaction, still-face procedure, and infant behavior coding |
IDMs showed less distress in still-face procedure (less negative facial expressions and less vocalizations) |
Pickens & Field, 1995 4242 Pickens JN, Field T. Facial expressions and vagal tone of infants of depressed and non-depressed mothers. Early Dev Parent. 1995;4:83-9.
|
84 (27 IDMs) |
3.1 mo |
Mother-infant interaction and infant facial expression coding |
IDMs displayed more sad and anger expressions and less interest expressions |
Diego et al., 2002 4444 Diego MA, Field T, Hart S, Hernandez-Reif M, Jones N, Cullen C, et al. Facial expressions and EEG in infants of intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms. Depress Anxiety. 2002;15:10-7.
|
27 (intrusive = 14, withdrawn = 13) |
3.3 mo |
Mother-infant interaction, visual preference for mother and stranger facial expressions Infant behavior coding EEG recorded during visual preference |
Infants of intrusive mothers looked longer to surprise and sad than to happy expressions performed by a stranger, displaying a concomitant greater relative right FA activity |
Peláez-Nogueras et al., 1996 1313 Peláez-Nogueras M, Field TM, Hossain Z, Pickens J. Depressed mothers’ touching increases infants’ positive affect and attention in still – face interactions. Child Dev. 1996;67:1780-92.
|
48 (24 IDMs) |
3.4 mo |
Mother-infant interaction, still-face and still-face-with-touch procedures |
IDMs displayed less distress and negative behaviors in still-face procedure IDMs submitted to still-face-with-touch procedure showed more positive affect (more smiles and vocalizations) |
Hernandez-Reif et al., 2006 4040 Hernandez-Reif M, Field T, Diego M, Vera Y, Pickens J. Happy faces are habituated more slowly by infants of depressed mothers. Infant Behav Dev. 2006;29:131-5.
|
32 (16 IDMs) |
3.5 mo |
Habituation and dishabituation to face-voice |
IDMs required longer time to habituate to faces, particularly to happy faces |
Field et al., 1998 4343 Field T, Pickens J, Fox N, Gonzalez J, Nawrocki T. Facial expression and EEG responses to happy and sad faces/voices by 3-month-old infants of depressed mothers. Br J Dev Psychol. 1998;16:485-94.
|
24 (12 IDMs) |
3.7 mo |
Visual preference for face-voice Infant facial expression coding EEG recorded during visual preference |
INDMs looked longer to sad face-voice stimuli than IDM, and exhibited greater relative right FA while exposed to sad comparing to happy stimuli. No differences on FA were found for IDM |
Field et al., 2007 1919 Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M, Feijo L, Vera Y, Gil K, et al. Still–face and separation effects on depressed mother–infant interactions. Infant Ment Health J. 2007;28:314-23.
|
28 (14 IDMs) |
4 mo |
Mother-infant interaction, still-face procedure, and infant behavior coding |
IDMs showed less smiling and vocalizing, more gaze aversion and motor activity during mother-infant interaction. IDMs showed less motor activity and less distress behavior (less gaze aversion, distress brow and crying) during still-face procedure |
Diego et al., 2004 2424 Diego MA, Field T, Jones NA, Hernandez-Reif M, Cullen C, Schanberg S, et al. EEG responses to mock facial expressions by infants of depressed mothers. Infant Behav Dev. 2004;27:150-62.
|
60 (30 IDMs) |
4.2 mo |
Visual preference for mother and stranger facial expressions Infant behavior coding EEG recorded during visual preference |
IDMs exhibited less positive affect and looked less at their mothers' surprise and sad expressions. IDM looked less at all strangers' facial expressions, showed less positive affect during happy and surprise and more negative affect during surprise expressions IDMs had significantly greater relative FA compared to INDMs in all different expressions of both the mothers and strangers IDMs and INDMs showed relative greater right FA during their mothers' and strangers' sad vs. happy faces |
Bornstein et al., 2011 1414 Bornstein MH, Arterberry ME, Mash C, Manian N. Discrimination of facial expression by 5-month-old infants of nondepressed and clinically depressed mothers. Infant Behav Dev. 2011;34:100-6.
|
28 (14 IDM) |
5.1 mo |
Habituation and visual paired comparison procedure |
IDMs and INDMs habituated to neutral and happy faces IDMs failed to discriminate between neutral and happy faces following habituation |
Striano et al., 2002 4141 Striano T, Brennan PA, Vanman EJ. Maternal depressive symptoms and 6-month-old infants’ sensitivity to facial expressions. Infancy. 2002;3:115-26.
|
46 (Maternal depression analyzed as a continuous variable) |
6 mo |
Visual paired comparison procedure comparing neutral from progressively higher intensities of smiling and frowning faces. Mother-infant interaction and infant behavior coding |
Infants of mothers' with higher depression scores showed greater looking preference for all smiling faces, and to high intensity smiling and frowning expressions Infants of mothers' with higher depression scores looked longer at their own mothers while they were smiling |
Otte et al., 2015 1212 Otte RA, Donkers FC, Braeken MA, Van den Bergh BR. Multimodal processing of emotional information in 9-month-old infants II: prenatal exposure to maternal anxiety. Brain Cogn. 2015;95:107-17.
|
81 (Maternal anxiety analyzed as a continuous variable) |
10.1 mo |
Multimodal face-voice compounds ERP recorded with EEG during face-voice compounds |
Infants of mothers' with higher maternal anxiety scores showed larger P350 and P150 amplitudes after fearful vocalizations, preceded by either happy or fearful faces. |