1 |
1993, Kilpi |
Finland |
Retrospective cohort - 1984 to 1989 |
3 months to 15 years |
286 |
Death, neurologic abnormalities, and subdural effusion. |
3%/15.7%/8% |
Long duration of illness before hospitalization. |
2 |
1995, Kaaresen |
Norway, Tromso |
Retrospective cohort - 1980 to 1993 |
1 month to 15 years |
92 |
Death, later sequelae (persisted for more than 1 y) - hydrocephalus, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, motor deficits, ataxia, hearing impairment, seizure disorder, or focal neurological findings. |
4.3%/15.2% |
Duration of symptoms >48 h - OR 9.9 (1.7-56.6), seizure before admission - OR 11.2 (1.5-84.7), admission temperature >38 °C - OR 0.1 (0.02-0.9), peripheral vasoconstriction - OR 9.4 (2.0-45.3), CSF leucocytes < 1000 × 106 - OR 4.7 (1.1-21.0). |
3 |
1998, Chang |
Taiwan |
Retrospective cohort - 1989 to 1995 |
Unknown |
101 |
Early fatality (first 3 days after admission). |
23% |
Metabolic acidosis - OR 8.31 (2.48-27.92), poor skin perfusion - OR 28.72 (3.06-268.88), extremely low CSF leukocyte count - OR 14.63 (1.44-187.14). |
4 |
2002, Oostenbrink |
Rotterdam, Netherlands |
Case-control - 1988 to 1998 |
1 month to 15 years |
170 |
Death and neurological sequelae - deafness, mild hearing loss, severe mental retardation with locomotors deficits, epilepsy, mild locomotors deficits, mild mental retardation. |
8.7%/14% |
Male gender - OR 3.5 (1.2-1.01), presence of atypical convulsions - OR 5.7 (1.6-20.3), lower body temperature - OR 0.5 (0.3-0.7), Pneumococcal meningitis - OR 9.1 (1.5-56.3). |
5 |
2005, Farag |
Alexandria, Egypt |
Prospective cohort study - 2002 to 2003 |
3 month to 15 years |
310 |
Death and epilepsy. |
13.9%/7.1% |
WHO meningitis score 9 - OR 22.7 (18.3-69.2), CSF glucose levels, H. influenzae, S. pneumonia, and N. meningitides pathogens. |
6 |
2008, Roine |
Multicentric |
Prospective cohort study |
Unknown |
654 |
Death, severe neurological sequelae, milder neurological sequelae. |
13%/8%/18% |
Glasgow Coma Score - OR 3.67 (1.79-7.53). |
7 |
2009, Pelkonen |
Luanda, Angola |
Retrospective cohort - 2004 |
2 months to 12 years |
403 |
Death, severe neurological sequelae at hospital discharge - blindness, quadriplegia and/or paresis, hydrocephalus requiring a shunt, severe psychomotor retardation. |
33%/25% |
Impaired consciousness - OR 2.61 (1.44-4.72), severe dyspnea - OR 2.42 (1.17-5.03), seizures - OR 2.49 (1.36-4.58), delayed presentation - OR 3.73 (1.24-11.26), prolonged fever, secondary fever, prolonged altered consciousness, focal neurological signs, extra meningeal focus of infection, dehydration. |
8 |
2011, Vasilopoulou |
Athens, Greece |
Prospective cohort |
1 month to 14 years |
2477 |
Acute complications - arthritis or subdural effusion; Sequelae - severe hearing loss, ventriculitis, hydrocephalus, seizure disorder (during 3 mo follow-up). |
6.8%/3.3% |
Age <1 y at diagnosis - OR 18 (7.7-42.3), seizures on admission - OR 5.36 (2.63-10.90), symptoms duration >24 h - OR 2.1 (1.2-3.8), absence of hemorrhagic rash, low CSF glucose, high CSF protein, positive blood culture, Pneumococcal meningitis - OR 4.7 (2.5-8.8). |
9 |
2012, Bargui |
Paris, France |
Retrospective cohort - Jan 1995 to Dec 2004 |
1 month to 18 years |
- |
Death, neurologic deficit at the time of last 10 y follow-up visit - hearing loss, motor impairment, metal retardation, epilepsy, sleep disorders, migraine, psychiatric disorders. |
21%/40% |
Mechanical ventilation - OR 11.54 (2.4-55.5), thrombocytopenia - OR 2.06 (1.07-6.08), earlier age at diagnosis - OR 1.01 (1.01-1.03), delay from onset of symptoms to initiation of therapy - OR 1.33 (1.05-1.70), hydrocephalus or initial head CT scan - OR 2.60 (1.12-6.04). |
10 |
2013, Namani |
Republic of Kosovo |
Retrospective cohort - Jan 1997 to Dec 2002, Jan 2009 to Dec 2010. |
Up to 16 years |
354 |
Sequelae persisting during the 2-3y follow up period - seizures, deafness, neuropsychological impairment, quadri/hemiparesia, amaurosis. |
10% |
Age at diagnosis (infants) - OR 2.69 (1.62-4.59). |
11 |
2013, Theodoridou |
Athens, Greece |
Prospective cohort - 1974 to 2005 |
1 month to 14 years |
2477 |
Sequelae - seizure disorder, severe hearing loss, ventriculitis, and hydrocephalus. |
3.3% |
Treatment with gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, Pneumococcal meningitis - OR 10.47 (3.24-33.82), age <6 mo at diagnosis - OR 20.20 (5.55-73.55). |
12 |
2013, McCormick |
Blantyre, Malawi |
Retrospective cohort - 1997 to 2010 |
2 months to 15 years |
784 |
Death, severe sequelae. |
28.7%/26.2% |
Impaired consciousness - Death OR 14.4 (9.42-22.1)/sequelae OR 3.27 (2.02-5.29), HIV seropositivity - OR 1.65 (1.2-2.26), Salmonella sp. meningitis - OR 2.11 (1.06-4.08), Pneumococcal meningitis - OR 1.84 (1.03-3.29). |
13 |
2013, Namani |
Republic of Kosovo |
Prospective cohort - Jan 2009 to Dec 2010. |
1 month to 16 years |
77 |
Neurological complications - subdural effusion, recurrent seizures, hemiparesis, intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebritis, facial nerve palsy, hydrocephalus, subdural hematoma, cerebral abscess, subdural empyema, and purulent ventriculitis. |
43% |
Seizures prior to admission, altered mental status or focal neurological deficits at the time of admission, increased protein levels, age <12 mo - RR 2.69 (1.62-4.59). |
14 |
2014, Roine |
Luanda, Angola |
Post ROC descriptive analysis - Jul 2005 to Jun 2008 |
2 months to 12 years |
553 |
Risk of dying very quickly (0-4 h), quickly (4-8 h), or after long periods. |
37% |
Short disease history, shock, hypoglycemia - OR 4.47 (1.72-11.6), poor cerebrospinal fluid white cell response - OR 4.46 (1.72-11.5). |
15 |
2015, Corrêa |
Pernambuco Brazil |
Retrospective case-control study - Jan 2004 to Dec 2008. |
1 month to 14 year |
289 |
Acute symptomatic seizure |
23% |
Impaired mental status at admission - OR 3.47 (1.66-7.26), Pneumococcal meningitis - OR 4.55 (1.88-11.0), low CFS cell count (< 1000 cells/mm3) - OR 2.14 (0.99-4.60). |
16 |
2015, Olson |
Guatemala |
Prospective cohort - 2000 to 2007 |
0 to 59 months |
383 |
Death, surviving with major morbidity - hydrocephaly, convulsions, cerebral stroke, cranial nerve paralysis. |
23.7%/27.3% |
Seizure - OR 101.5, CSF glucose < 20 mg/dL - OR 5.3, symptom duration > 3 days - OR 3.7, coma - OR 6.3. |
17 |
2016, Wee |
Singapore |
Retrospective cohort - 1998 to 2013 |
3 days to 15 years |
121 |
ICU admission, residual sequelae 5 y after meningitis - sensorineural hearing loss, cortical blindness, developmental delay or learning difficulties, cerebral palsy or other neuromotor deficits, hydrocephalus, epilepsy, feeding difficulty requiring assisted feeding. |
44% |
Pneumococcal meningitis - OR 5.2 (1.5-18.2), leukopenia on initial blood count - OR 5.6 (1.7-17.9), CSF: serum glucose ratio <0.25 - OR 4.5 (1.4-14.4), Hib meningitis - OR 29.5 (2-429), seizures during inpatient stay requiring antiepileptic drugs - OR 10.6 (1.9-60.2), septic shock - OR 8.4 (1.1-62.1). |