Children and adolescents [obese (63) and lean (27)], aged 5-15 years. |
↑ serum iron and ferritin in the obese group. ↓ transferrin saturation in the obese group. |
↑ hepcidin in the obese group. In a subgroup of obese with ID, there was no difference in hepcidin-25 between obese without ID. |
Children and adolescents with obesity have higher ID prevalence and serum hepcidin levels.2828 Panichsillaphakit E, Suteerojntrakool O, Pancharoen C, Nuchprayoon I, Chomtho S. The association between Hepcidin and iron status in children and adolescents with obesity. J Nutr Metab. 2021;2021:9944035.
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Children and adolescents [obese (50) and lean (60)], aged 6-16 years. |
↓ serum iron and transferrin saturation in the obese group. |
↑ Pro-hepcidin and ferritin in the obese group. |
Obese children are at increased risk of iron deficiency.2525 Dogan G, Andiran N, Celik N, Uysal S. Iron parameters, pro-hepcidin and soluble transferrin receptor levels in obese children. Minerva Pediatr. 2020;72:175–81.
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Children [obese (29) and lean (29)], aged 6.5–8.7 years. |
Serum iron was not different between groups; ↓ ferroportin in the obese group. /↑ Iron and vitamin C in the obese group. |
↑ Leptin, insulin, hepcidin, and CRP in the obese group. |
In obese children with sufficient iron intake, the altered ferroportin-hepcidin axis can occur without ID signs. The role of other micronutrients, such as C-vitamin, should be considered in the iron status of these children.2121 Gajewska J, Ambroszkiewicz J, Klemarczyk W, Glab-Jablonska E, Weker H, Chelchowska M. Ferroportin-Hepcidin axis in prepubertal obese children with sufficient daily iron intake. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:10.
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Obese children and adolescents [type 2 diabetes (10), impaired glucose tolerance (8), and normal glucose tolerance (20)] aged 6–21 years. |
sTfR was not different between groups. |
Hepcidin and IL-6 were not different between groups; |
Metabolic status (diabetes mellito or glucose tolerance/intolerance) did not alter hepcidin or sTfR in obese children and adolescents.3131 Shalitin S, Deutsch V, Hepcidin TR. soluble transferrin receptor and IL-6 levels in obese children and adolescents with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus/impaired glucose tolerance and their association with obstructive sleep apnea. J Endocrinol Invest. 2018;41:969–75.
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Children and adolescents [obese (180) and lean (57)], aged 5-18 years. |
Serum iron and ferritin were not different between groups. |
↑ Leptin, hepcidin, and CRP in the obese group; IL-6 was not different between groups. |
Elevated hepcidin values did not result in ID in obese children and adolescents.2929 Sal E, Yenicesu I, Celik N, Pasaoglu H, Celik B, Pasaoglu OT, et al. Relationship between obesity and iron deficiency anemia: is there a role of hepcidin? Hematology. 2018;23:542–8.
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Adolescents [obese (40) and lean (40)], aged 12-14. |
↓ serum iron in the obese group. |
↑ hepcidin and CRP in the obese group. |
ID in obese adolescents may result from reduced absorption and/or increased hepcidin-mediated iron sequestration.2424 Nazif HK, El-Shaheed AA, El-Shamy KA, Mohsen MA, Fadl NN, Moustafa RS. Study of serum Hepcidin as a potential mediator of the disrupted iron metabolism in obese adolescents. Int J Health Sci. 2015;9:172–8.
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Children and adolescents [obese (159), overweight (113), and lean (377)], aged 7-15 years. |
Serum iron was not different between groups. |
↓ hepcidin and IL-10 in obese/overweight group; ↑ ferritin, IL-1 β, and nitric oxide in obese/overweight group. |
Decreased circulating IL-10 concentration could protect young overweight/obese adolescents girls against the development of ID.3232 Chang JS, Li YL, Lu CH, Owaga E, Chen WY, Chiou HY. Interleukin-10 as a potential regulator of hepcidin homeostasis in overweight and obese children: a cross-sectional study in Taiwan. Nutrition. 2014;30:1165–70.
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Children [obese/overweight (52) and lean (312)], aged 3-6 years. |
↑ ID and ↓ sTfR in the obese/overweight group./ The median daily iron supply was 13.5 mg/dayfor both groups. |
↑ hepcidin, CRP, leptin, ferritin, and α-1-acid glycoprotein in the obese/overweight group; IL-6 was no different. |
The role of obesity-related inflammation in ID should be considered even when the prevalence of overweight/obesity is low, as observed in children from very low-income families.3030 Gibson RS, Bailey KB, Williams S, Houghton L, Costa-Ribeiro HC, Mattos AP, et al. Tissue iron deficiency and adiposity-related inflammation in disadvantaged preschoolers from NE Brazil. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68:887–91.
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Children and adolescents [obese (50 without NAFLD and 30 with NAFLD) and lean (30)], aged 7-18 years. |
Serum iron and transferrin saturation were not different between groups. |
↑ hepcidin only in obese with NAFLD. |
Obese children with NAFLD are at greater risk of iron deficiency and iron metabolism disorders, and hepcidin level can be used as a diagnostic tool and follow-up marker.2727 Demircioglu F, Gorunmez G, Dagistan E, Goksugur SB, Bekdas M, Tosun M, et al. Serum hepcidin levels and iron metabolism in obese children with and without fatty liver: case-control study. Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173:947–51.
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Children and adolescents [obese (50) and lean (50)], aged 3-16years. |
↓ serum iron, hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, and sTfR in the obese group. |
↑ hepcidin and ferritin in the obese group. |
ID and elevated hepcidin were prevalent in obese children.2323 Hamza RT, Hamed AI, Kharshoum RR. Iron homeostasis and serum hepcidin-25 levels in obese children and adolescents: relation to body mass index. Horm Res Paediatr. 2013;80:11–7.
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Children and adolescents [obese (85) and lean (33)], aged 7-12 years. |
↓ serum iron and sTfR in the obese group./Dietary iron intake and bioavail-ability were not different between groups. |
↑ hepcidin, CRP, IL-6, and leptin in the obese group. |
The reduction in the iron available for erythropoiesis in overweight children is not associated with a low diet iron supply but with hepcidin-mediated iron disturbance.99 Aeberli I, Hurrell RF, Zimmermann MB. Overweight children have higher circulating hepcidin concentrations and lower iron status but have dietary iron intakes and bioavailability comparable with normal weight children. Int J Obes. 2009;33:1111–7.
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