Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture

Chambi-Rocha, Annel; Cabrera-Domínguez, Ma Eugenia; Domínguez-Reyes, Antonia

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2017.05.007

Annel Chambi-Rocha ^** Corresponding author. E-mail:anncharoc@alum.us.es, annel2302@gmail.com (A. Chambi-Rocha).

Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Odontología, Seville, Spain

Ma Eugenia Cabrera-Domínguez

Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Odontología, Seville, Spain

Antonia Domínguez-Reyes

Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Odontología, Seville, Spain

* Corresponding author. E-mail:anncharoc@alum.us.es, annel2302@gmail.com (A. Chambi-Rocha).

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures (2)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1
Cephalometric landmarks, angles, and reference planes. Growth pattern: 1. FP-MP Angle formed by facial plane (N-Pg) and mandibular plane (Gn-Go). Facial plane is formed by nasion (N) and pgonion (Pg). Mandibular plane is formed by gnation (Gn) and gonion (Go); facial height: 2. FCNA Angle formed by facial center point (FC) and line FC-nasion (N) and line FC-subspinale (A); 3. Xi-ANS-Pm Angle formed by center of the ramus point (Xi) and line Xi-anterior nasal spine (ANS) and Xi-suprapogonion (Pm); Maxilla: 4. SNA Angle formed by skull base line (SN) and line N-subspinale (A). Skull base is a plane from sella (S) to nasion (N); 5. ANS-PNS Distance from anterior nasal spine (ANS) to posterior nasal spine (PNS); 6. ANS-PNS-FhP Angle formed by palatal plane (ANS-PNS) and Frankfurt plane (FhP). Frankfurt plane is formed by orbitale (Or) and ponion (Po); Mandible: 7. SNB Angle formed by skull base line (SN) and line N-supramentale (B); 8. MP-FhP Angle formed by mandibular plane (MP) and Frankfurt plane (FhP); 9. Go-FC Distance from gonion (Go) to the facial center (FC); 10. Xi-Pm Distance from Xi to suprapogonion (Pm); Maxilla-Mandible: 11. ANB Angle formed by subspinale (A) and nasion (N) line and line N-supramentale (B); Hyoid bone: 12. H-MP Distance from the most anterior and superior point of hyoid bone (H) perpendicular to mandibular plane (MP); Craniocervical Posture: 13. OPT-SN Angle formed by (SN) and odontoides (OPT). OPT is formed by a line through the postero-superior point and postero-inferior point of odontoides; 14. CVT-SN Angle formed by (SN) and cervical (CVT). CVT is formed by a line through the postero-superior point and postero-inferior point of the four cervical.

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Figure 2
Airway dimensions. Nasopharynx: 1. Ad1-Ba Distance of (ad1) to basion (Ba); Ad1 is the intersection point of posterior pharyngeal wall and the line from posterior nasal spine (PNS) to basion (Ba); 2. ad2-S₀ Distance of (ad2) to (S₀). Ad2 is the intersection point of posterior pharyngeal wall and the line from the midpoint (S₀) of the line from sella (S) to basion (Ba) to posterior nasal spine (PNS); 3. PtV-Ad Distance of (PtV) point to adenoid (Ad). PtV is a vertical line perpendicular to FhP passing through the most posterior point of the fossa pterigomaxilar. PtV point is located 5 mm upper to PNS. Oropharynx: 4. USP Distance of a point of soft palate (5 mm under to the upper point of Soft Palate) (USP) to the horizontal counterpoint on the posterior pharyngeal wall parallel to Frankfurt Plane (FhP). 5. MPP Distance of the intersection points on anterior and posterior pharyngeal wall of the middle of (USP) and (IT) parallel to FhP. 6. IT Distance of the posterior and inferior point of tonsil (T) (5 mm upper to the down point of the tonsil) to horizontal counterpoint on posterior pharyngeal wall parallel to FhP. 7. MP_P Distance of the intersection points on anterior and posterior pharyngeal wall of the mandibular plane (MP) parallel to FhP; Hypopharynx: 8. C3P Distance between posterior pharyngeal since the most anterior and inferior point on the corpus of the third cervical vertebra (C3) and anterior pharyngeal.

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Table 1
Craniofacial, hyoid position, and head posture parameters in nasal and oral breathing children and teenagers.

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Table 2
Airway parameters in nasal and oral breathing children and teenagers.

	Group I			Group II
	NB	OB	p-Value	NB	OB	p-Value
Growth pattern
1. FP-MP	66.813º ± 1.13	67.028º ± 3.38	0.864^a a Student's t-test.	67.056º ± 1.91	67.000 ± 2.71º	0.958^a a Student's t-test.
Facial height
2. FCNA	58.438º ± 1.87	57.639º ± 4.48	0.635^a a Student's t-test.	57.833º ± 2.76	59.962º ± 3.05	0.111^a a Student's t-test.
3. Xi-ANS-Pm	44.250º ± 3.47	43.917º ± 3.93	0.838^a a Student's t-test.	42.278º ± 3.30	46.346º ± 3.69	0.015 ^a a Student's t-test.
Maxilla
4. SNA	79.438º ± 3.38	81.750º ± 4.57	0.214^a a Student's t-test.	78.944º ± 2.57	77.115º ± 4.63	0.298^a a Student's t-test.
5. ANS-PNS-FHP	-1.750º ± 3.13	-1.056º ± 3.85	0.659^a a Student's t-test.	0.56º ± 3.98	-2.000º ± 2.82	0.171^a a Student's t-test.
6. ANS-PNS	44.125 ± 3.90 mm	44.667 ± 3.59 mm	0.733^a a Student's t-test.	46.222 ± 2.63 mm	49.269 ± 3.75 mm	0.049 ^a a Student's t-test.
Mandible
7. SNB	77.500º ± 4.50	77.353º ± 3.81	0.892^a a Student's t-test.	77.688º ± 2.65	74.250º ± 3.18	0.082^b b Mann-Whitney U-test.
8. MP-FHP	26.563º ± 2.61	26.000º ± 5.54	0.788^a a Student's t-test.	28.000º ± 4.19	28.192º ± 3.73	0.911^a a Student's t-test.
9. Go-FC	51.000 ± 4.62 mm	50.528 ± 4.11 mm	0.797^a a Student's t-test.	57.167 ± 3.26 mm	58.077 mm ± 6.57 mm	0.706^a a Student's t-test.
10. Xi-Pm	58.875 mm ± 4.12 mm	56.722 mm ± 1.97 mm	0.81^a a Student's t-test.	63.833 mm ± 3.29 mm	63.769 mm ± 6.59 mm	0.979^a a Student's t-test.
Maxilla-mandible
11. ANB	2.063º ± 2.88	4.250º ± 2.49	0.60^a a Student's t-test.	1.833º ± 1.67	2.192º ± 3.12	0.757^a a Student's t-test.
Hyoid bone
12. H-MP	9.500 mm ± 1.61	7.765 ± 3.73 mm	0.683^b b Mann-Whitney U-test.	8.563 ± 3.58 mm	12.100 mm ± 6.06 mm	0.017 ^b b Mann-Whitney U-test.
Craniocervical posture
13. OPT-SN	83.813º ± 9.94	83.361º ± 12.15	0.928^a a Student's t-test.	79.944º ± 9.26	85.808º ± 9.72	0.172^a a Student's t-test.
14. CVT-SN	105.875º ± 7.94	106.194º ± 10.75	0.941^a a Student's t-test.	101.444º ± 7.48	108.115º ± 10.22	0.11^a a Student's t-test.

	Group I			Group II
	NB	OB	p-Value	NB	OB	p-Value
Airway Nasopharynx
1. ad1-Ba	23.833 ± 5.57 mm	21.529 ± 7.07 mm	0.261^b b Mann-Whitney U test.	21.611 ± 3.87 mm	22.192 ± 5.54 mm	0.789^a a Student's t-test.
2. ad2-S0	22.750 ± 3.17 mm	21.417 ± 3.41 mm	0.358^a a Student's t-test.	21.625 ± 4.07 mm	20.800 ± 6.28 mm	0.647^b b Mann-Whitney U test.
3. PtV-Ad	11.500 ± 3.76 mm	10.000 ± 3.69 mm	0.724^b b Mann-Whitney U test.	14.556 ± 6.00 mm	13.692 ± 4.99 mm	0.717^a a Student's t-test.
Oropharynx
4. USP	12.688 ± 2.01 mm	11.333 ± 2.72 mm	0.221^a a Student's t-test.	14.222 ± 3.98 mm	12.577 ± 3.38 mm	0.309^a a Student's t-test.
5. MPP	11.000 ± 2.46 mm	8.765 ± 2.15 mm	0.030 ^b b Mann-Whitney U test.	10.000 ± 2.34 mm	9.346 ± 2.60 mm	0.554^a a Student's t-test.
6. IT	10.063 ± 2.51 mm	10.472 ± 1.89 mm	0.650^a a Student's t-test.	10.167 ± 4.13 mm	11.077 ± 2.72 mm	0.539^a a Student's t-test.
7. MP_p	10.500 ± 2.34 mm	9.972 ± 2.69 mm	0.637^a a Student's t-test.	9.056 ± 2.81 mm	10.731 ± 3.94 mm	0.287^a a Student's t-test.
Hypopharynx
8. C3P	9.938 ± 2.77 mm	9.86 ± 3.63 mm	0.958^a a Student's t-test.	8.444 ± 3.14 mm	10.692 ± 3.82 mm	0.162^a a Student's t-test.

[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:anncharoc@alum.us.es, annel2302@gmail.com (A. Chambi-Rocha).

Brasil

Brasil

Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Chambi-Rocha A, Cabrera-Domínguez ME, Domínguez-Reyes A. Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2018;94:123-130.

Abstract

Objective

Method

Results

Conclusion

Brasil

Brasil

Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Chambi-Rocha A, Cabrera-Domínguez ME, Domínguez-Reyes A. Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2018;94:123-130.

Abstract

Objective

Method

Results

Conclusion

Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Chambi-Rocha A, Cabrera-Domínguez ME, Domínguez-Reyes A. Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2018;94:123-130.