Prolonged mechanical ventilation
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Neurological impairment: Cerebral palsy, encephalopathy, status epilepticus, brainstem tumors, Guillain Barré syndrome, Ondine syndrome, neuromuscular diseases1313. Muesing C, Schimelpfenig B, Hustvet D, Maynard R, Christensen EW. Longitudinal prevalence of tracheostomized children in Minnesota. Hosp Pediatr. 2020;10:663–9.,1414. Mahadevan M, Barber C, Salkeld L, Douglas G, Mills N. Pediatric tracheotomy: 17 year review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1829–35.,1515. Butnaru CS, Colreavy MP, Ayari S, Froehlich P. Tracheotomy in children: evolution in indications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:115–9.,1616. Graf JM, Montagnino BA, Hueckel R, McPherson ML. Pediatric tracheostomies: a recent experience from one academic center. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008;9:96–100.,1818. Ilçe Z, Celayir S, Tekand GT, Murat NS, Erdoğan E, Yeker D. Tracheostomy in childhood: 20 years experience from a pediatric surgery clinic. Pediatr Int. 2002;44:306-9.,1919. Gergin O, Adil EA, Kawai K, Watters K, Moritz E, Rahbar R. Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: has anything changed? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;87:144–7.,2020. Leung R, Berkowitz RG. Decannulation and outcome following pediatric tracheostomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2005;114:743–8.,2222. Atmaca S, Bayraktar C, Aşilioğlu N, Kalkan G, Ozsoy Z. Pediatric tracheotomy: 3-year experience at a tertiary care center with 54 children. Turk J Pediatr. 2011;53:537–40.,2323. Zia S, Arshad M, Nazir Z, Awan S. Pediatric tracheostomy: complications and role of home care in a developing country. Pediatr Surg Int. 2010;26:269–73.
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Cranial or vertebral trauma1313. Muesing C, Schimelpfenig B, Hustvet D, Maynard R, Christensen EW. Longitudinal prevalence of tracheostomized children in Minnesota. Hosp Pediatr. 2020;10:663–9.,1414. Mahadevan M, Barber C, Salkeld L, Douglas G, Mills N. Pediatric tracheotomy: 17 year review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1829–35.,1818. Ilçe Z, Celayir S, Tekand GT, Murat NS, Erdoğan E, Yeker D. Tracheostomy in childhood: 20 years experience from a pediatric surgery clinic. Pediatr Int. 2002;44:306-9.,1919. Gergin O, Adil EA, Kawai K, Watters K, Moritz E, Rahbar R. Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: has anything changed? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;87:144–7.,2020. Leung R, Berkowitz RG. Decannulation and outcome following pediatric tracheostomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2005;114:743–8.
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Laryngotracheal trauma or burn1717. Pérez-R E, Caro P, Pérez-Frías J, Cols M, Barrio I, Torrent A, et al. Paediatric patients with a tracheostomy: a multicentre epidemiological study. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1502–7.,1818. Ilçe Z, Celayir S, Tekand GT, Murat NS, Erdoğan E, Yeker D. Tracheostomy in childhood: 20 years experience from a pediatric surgery clinic. Pediatr Int. 2002;44:306-9.
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Drowning, smoke inhalation injury1818. Ilçe Z, Celayir S, Tekand GT, Murat NS, Erdoğan E, Yeker D. Tracheostomy in childhood: 20 years experience from a pediatric surgery clinic. Pediatr Int. 2002;44:306-9.
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Cardiovascular malformations, as pulmonary arterial atresia, ventricular septal defect, and other cardiac defects1414. Mahadevan M, Barber C, Salkeld L, Douglas G, Mills N. Pediatric tracheotomy: 17 year review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1829–35.,1818. Ilçe Z, Celayir S, Tekand GT, Murat NS, Erdoğan E, Yeker D. Tracheostomy in childhood: 20 years experience from a pediatric surgery clinic. Pediatr Int. 2002;44:306-9.,1919. Gergin O, Adil EA, Kawai K, Watters K, Moritz E, Rahbar R. Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: has anything changed? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;87:144–7.
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Chronic respiratory failure, by pulmonary bronchodysplasia1414. Mahadevan M, Barber C, Salkeld L, Douglas G, Mills N. Pediatric tracheotomy: 17 year review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1829–35.,1818. Ilçe Z, Celayir S, Tekand GT, Murat NS, Erdoğan E, Yeker D. Tracheostomy in childhood: 20 years experience from a pediatric surgery clinic. Pediatr Int. 2002;44:306-9. pulmonary hypertension,1818. Ilçe Z, Celayir S, Tekand GT, Murat NS, Erdoğan E, Yeker D. Tracheostomy in childhood: 20 years experience from a pediatric surgery clinic. Pediatr Int. 2002;44:306-9. restrictive lung disease1818. Ilçe Z, Celayir S, Tekand GT, Murat NS, Erdoğan E, Yeker D. Tracheostomy in childhood: 20 years experience from a pediatric surgery clinic. Pediatr Int. 2002;44:306-9.
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30%,1414. Mahadevan M, Barber C, Salkeld L, Douglas G, Mills N. Pediatric tracheotomy: 17 year review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1829–35. 27%,1515. Butnaru CS, Colreavy MP, Ayari S, Froehlich P. Tracheotomy in children: evolution in indications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:115–9. 57%,1616. Graf JM, Montagnino BA, Hueckel R, McPherson ML. Pediatric tracheostomies: a recent experience from one academic center. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008;9:96–100. 62%,1717. Pérez-R E, Caro P, Pérez-Frías J, Cols M, Barrio I, Torrent A, et al. Paediatric patients with a tracheostomy: a multicentre epidemiological study. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1502–7. 26%,1818. Ilçe Z, Celayir S, Tekand GT, Murat NS, Erdoğan E, Yeker D. Tracheostomy in childhood: 20 years experience from a pediatric surgery clinic. Pediatr Int. 2002;44:306-9. 27%,2020. Leung R, Berkowitz RG. Decannulation and outcome following pediatric tracheostomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2005;114:743–8. 87%2222. Atmaca S, Bayraktar C, Aşilioğlu N, Kalkan G, Ozsoy Z. Pediatric tracheotomy: 3-year experience at a tertiary care center with 54 children. Turk J Pediatr. 2011;53:537–40.
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Obstructions of upper airway
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Laryngotracheal stenosis1414. Mahadevan M, Barber C, Salkeld L, Douglas G, Mills N. Pediatric tracheotomy: 17 year review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1829–35.,1515. Butnaru CS, Colreavy MP, Ayari S, Froehlich P. Tracheotomy in children: evolution in indications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:115–9.,1919. Gergin O, Adil EA, Kawai K, Watters K, Moritz E, Rahbar R. Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: has anything changed? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;87:144–7.,1717. Pérez-R E, Caro P, Pérez-Frías J, Cols M, Barrio I, Torrent A, et al. Paediatric patients with a tracheostomy: a multicentre epidemiological study. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1502–7.,2020. Leung R, Berkowitz RG. Decannulation and outcome following pediatric tracheostomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2005;114:743–8.
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Upper respiratory airway tumors (teratoma, rhabdomyosarcoma) laryngeal angioma/ hemangioma, neurofibroma1414. Mahadevan M, Barber C, Salkeld L, Douglas G, Mills N. Pediatric tracheotomy: 17 year review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1829–35.,1515. Butnaru CS, Colreavy MP, Ayari S, Froehlich P. Tracheotomy in children: evolution in indications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:115–9.,1919. Gergin O, Adil EA, Kawai K, Watters K, Moritz E, Rahbar R. Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: has anything changed? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;87:144–7.,2020. Leung R, Berkowitz RG. Decannulation and outcome following pediatric tracheostomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2005;114:743–8.
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Tracheomalacia1515. Butnaru CS, Colreavy MP, Ayari S, Froehlich P. Tracheotomy in children: evolution in indications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:115–9.,1919. Gergin O, Adil EA, Kawai K, Watters K, Moritz E, Rahbar R. Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: has anything changed? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;87:144–7.
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Bilateral vocal cord paralysis1919. Gergin O, Adil EA, Kawai K, Watters K, Moritz E, Rahbar R. Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: has anything changed? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;87:144–7.,2020. Leung R, Berkowitz RG. Decannulation and outcome following pediatric tracheostomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2005;114:743–8.
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Craniofacial malformations (micrognatia, retrognatia, choanal atresia, genetic syndromes as Apert, Noonan, Pierre Robin1515. Butnaru CS, Colreavy MP, Ayari S, Froehlich P. Tracheotomy in children: evolution in indications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:115–9.,1919. Gergin O, Adil EA, Kawai K, Watters K, Moritz E, Rahbar R. Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: has anything changed? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;87:144–7.,2020. Leung R, Berkowitz RG. Decannulation and outcome following pediatric tracheostomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2005;114:743–8.,2323. Zia S, Arshad M, Nazir Z, Awan S. Pediatric tracheostomy: complications and role of home care in a developing country. Pediatr Surg Int. 2010;26:269–73.
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Partial laryngeal agenesis1515. Butnaru CS, Colreavy MP, Ayari S, Froehlich P. Tracheotomy in children: evolution in indications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:115–9.
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Laryngeal diplegia1515. Butnaru CS, Colreavy MP, Ayari S, Froehlich P. Tracheotomy in children: evolution in indications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:115–9.
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Cystic hygroma2323. Zia S, Arshad M, Nazir Z, Awan S. Pediatric tracheostomy: complications and role of home care in a developing country. Pediatr Surg Int. 2010;26:269–73.
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70%,1414. Mahadevan M, Barber C, Salkeld L, Douglas G, Mills N. Pediatric tracheotomy: 17 year review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:1829–35. 43%,1515. Butnaru CS, Colreavy MP, Ayari S, Froehlich P. Tracheotomy in children: evolution in indications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:115–9. 25%,1616. Graf JM, Montagnino BA, Hueckel R, McPherson ML. Pediatric tracheostomies: a recent experience from one academic center. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008;9:96–100. 20%,1919. Gergin O, Adil EA, Kawai K, Watters K, Moritz E, Rahbar R. Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: has anything changed? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;87:144–7. 55%,2020. Leung R, Berkowitz RG. Decannulation and outcome following pediatric tracheostomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2005;114:743–8. 23.6%2323. Zia S, Arshad M, Nazir Z, Awan S. Pediatric tracheostomy: complications and role of home care in a developing country. Pediatr Surg Int. 2010;26:269–73.
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