Hematological and plasma biochemical parameters in a wild population of <i>Naja naja</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) in Sri Lanka

Dissanayake, Duminda S. B.; Thewarage, Lasanthika D.; Rathnayake, Rathnayake M. P. Manel; Kularatne, Senanayake A. M.; Ranasinghe, Jamburagoda G. Shirani; Rajapakse, Rajapakse P. V. Jayantha

doi:10.1186/s40409-017-0098-7

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Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases

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RESEARCH • J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis 23 • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1186/s40409-017-0098-7 copy

Hematological and plasma biochemical parameters in a wild population of Naja naja (Linnaeus, 1758) in Sri Lanka

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Background

Hematological studies of any animal species comprise an important diagnostic method in veterinary medicine and an essential tool for the conservation of species. In Sri Lanka, this essential technique has been ignored in studies of many species including reptiles. The aim of the present work was to establish a reference range of hematological values and morphological characterization of wild spectacled cobras (Naja naja) in Sri Lanka in order to provide a diagnostic tool in the assessment of health condition in reptiles and to diagnose diseases in wild populations.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from the ventral caudal vein of 30 wild-caught Naja naja (18 males and 12 females). Hematological analyses were performed using manual standard methods.

Results

Several hematological parameters were examined and their mean values were: red blood cell count 0.581 ± 0.035 × 10⁶/μL in males; 0.4950 ± 0.0408 × 10⁶/μL in females; white blood cell count 12.45 ± 1.32 × 10³/μL in males; 11.98 ± 1.62 × 10³/μL in females; PCV (%) in males was 30.11 ± 1.93 and in females was 23.41 ± 1.67; hemoglobin (g/dL) was 7.6 ± 0.89 in males and 6.62 ± 1.49 in females; plasma protein (g/dL) was 5.11 ± 0.75 in males and 3.25 ± 0.74 in females; whereas cholesterol (mg/mL) was 4.09 ± 0.12 in males and 3.78 ± 0.42 in females. There were no significant differences in hematological parameters between the two genders except for erythrocyte count, thrombocyte count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma protein, percentage of azurophil and heterophil. Intracellular parasites were not found in any of the studied specimens.

Conclusion

Hematological and plasma biochemical parameters indicated a difference between geographically isolated populations and some values were significantly different between the two genders. These hematological results provide a reference range for Sri Lankan population of adult Naja naja.

Hematology; Blood cells; Plasma biochemistry; Naja naja

Parameters	Male		Female

	Mean ± SD	Range	Mean ± SD	Range
EL	18.44 ± 0.97	15.94–20.541	17.84 ± 0.88	15.11–18.25
EW	10.69 ± 0.73	10.11–12.01	10.84 ± 0.81	8.1–9.43
ES	159.23 ± 12.22	126.03–187.98	144.32 ± 9.12	114.13–172.34
ENL	7.67 ± 0.92	6.14–9.23	6.71 ± 0.68	5.29–8.65
ENW	5.35 ± 0.47	3.92–5.56	4.76 ± 0.6	3.52–5.02
ENS	33.54 ± 1.82	27.12–38.32	27.23 ± 1.4	21.22–29.23

Cell Types	Male		Female

	Mean ± SD	Range	Mean ± SD	Range
Large lymphocytes	14.61 ± 1.99	12.53–18.90	14.01 ± 1.42	12.44–19.88
Small lymphocytes	8.43 ± 1.72	6.32–9.23	9.43 ± 1.72	5.42–10.01
Azurophils	16.01 ± 2.91	10.31–21.23	15.90 ± 2.42	9.32–20.76
Monocytes	14.92 ± 1.91	12.01–17.33	14.01 ± 1.13	12.44–15.88
Eosinophils	10.21 ± 1.1	8.26–11.45	9.44 ± 1.74	7.23–10.11
Basophils	9.81 ± 0.97	6.58–11.32	9.02 ± 0.87	6.00–10.52
Heterophils	18.96 ± 1.89	12.90–21.78	17.88 ± 1.23	15.98–21.00

Species	Naja naja		Naja naja		Naja kaouthia	Naja siamensis	Naja sumatrana

Sex	M	F	M	F
References	Current study (Sri Lanka)		Parida et al. [33] (India)		Salakij et al. [26] (Thailand)
PCV (%)	23.80 ± 2.03^a	20.41 ± 1.67^a	29.8 ± 4.2^a	25.4 ± 3.9^a	21.2 ± 1.2^a	21.3 ± 1.8^a	18.8 ± 2.4^a
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	7.6 ± 0.89^a	6.62 ± 1.49^a	6.9 ± 0.1^a	6.5 ± 0.2	6.5 ± 0.4^a	6.9 ± 0.6^a	4.8 ± 0.7^a
RBC (10⁶/μL)	0.581 ± 0.035^a	0.495 ± 0.0408^a	0.39 ± 0.125^a	0.3475 ± 0.750^a	0.616 ± 0.052^a	0.576 ± 0.042	0.657 ± 0.086^a
MCV (fL)	397.71 ± 36.51^a	380.30 ± 30.01	386.7 ± 63.8	348.2 ± 59.33^a	362.7 ± 18.9^a	371.6 ± 24.9^a	289.3 ± 9.6^a
MCH (pg)	135.43 ± 19.37^a	141.11 ± 21.96^b	118.6 ± 23.1^a	142.4 ± 19.5	110.1 ± 5.90^ab	120.3 ± 9.62^ab	71.2 ± 3.1^ab
MCHC (g/dL)	31.30 ± 14.61^a	33.42 ± 9.67	38.8 ± 1.9^a	42.6 ± 1.4^a	30.5 ± 0.7	32.3 ± 1.5	24.8 ± 1.7^a
WBC (10³/μL)	12.45 ± 1.32^a	11.98 ± 1.62^b	11.70 ± 1.00	12.10 ± 2.00	14.316 ± 1.265	12.025 ± 0.880	9.816 ± 1.046^ab
➢ Azurophils (%)	30.07 ± 3.12^a	27.88 ± 2.1^a	~	~	26.1 ± 3.7^a	25.2 ± 3.5^a	26.0 ± 4.5^a
➢ Heterophils (%)	10.05 ± 2.41^a	8.87 ± 2.53^b	25.33 ± 3.51^ab	23.66 ± 4.5^ab	4.4 ± 1.0^ab	1.9 ± 0.5^ab	4.7 ± 1.3^ab
➢ Eosinophils (%)	2.94 ± 0.88^a	2.08 ± 1.12	3.66 ± 1.52	2.66 ± 1.52	1.1 ± 0.08^a	1.4 ± 0.3^a	0 ± 0
➢ Basophils (%)	1.02 ± 0.92^a	0 ± 0	4.66 ± 1.52^a	5 ± 2^a	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0.2 ± 0.2^a
➢ Lymphocytes (%)	64 ± 4.43^a	66.26 ± 5.2^b	49 ± 5.43^ab	47.26 ± 4.4^ab	66.9 ± 4.4	71.8 ± 3.5^ab	69.2 ± 4.1^a
➢ Monocytes (%)	5.6 ± 2^a	4.66 ± 1.52^b	4 ± 2^a	2.66 ± 1.52^ab	1.2 ± 0.4^ab	1.0 ± 0.5^ab	0 ± 0
Total thrombocytes (10³/μL)	5.36 ± 2.23	4.13 ± 1.45	~	~	~	~	~
Plasma protein (g/dl)	5.11 ± 0.75^a	3.25 ± 0.74^ab	4.53 ± 0.17^a	1.24 ± 0.08^ab	5.56 ± 0.43^b	6.84 ± 0.63^ab	9.6 ± 0.4^ab
Cholesterol (mg/mL of serum)	4.09 ± 0.12	3.78 ± 0.42	3.76 ± 0.06	4.72 ± 0.2	~	~	~
Albumin(g/dl)	2.7 ± 1.1	2.1 ± 1.9	~	~	~	~	~

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[1] * Correspondence: jayanthar@pdn.ac.lk