<i>Cupiennius</i> spiders (Trechaleidae) from southern Mexico: DNA barcoding, venomics, and biological effect

Padilla-Villavicencio, Montserrat; Corzo, Gerardo; Guillén-Navarro, Karina; Ibarra-Núñez, Guillermo; Arenas, Iván; Zamudio, Fernando; Diego-García, Elia

doi:10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2023-0098

Montserrat Padilla-Villavicencio

conceived and designed the experiments

collected and identified specimens

performed the experiments

analysed the data

wrote the draft paper

read and approved the final manuscript

El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Grupo Académico de Biotecnología Ambiental, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4737-8724

Gerardo Corzo

conceived and designed the experiments

performed HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis

contributed reagents/materials

read and approved the final manuscript

Departamento de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Unam), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9513-1622

Karina Guillén-Navarro

conceived and designed the experiments

contributed reagents/materials

read and approved the final manuscript

El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Grupo Académico de Biotecnología Ambiental, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5199-1156

Guillermo Ibarra-Núñez

collected and identified specimens

contributed reagents/materials

read and approved the final manuscript

El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Colección de Arácnidos del Sureste de México, Grupo Académico de Biología y Ecología de Artrópodos Benéficos, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2042-425X

Iván Arenas

performed HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis

read and approved the final manuscript

Departamento de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Unam), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0384-7437

Fernando Zamudio

performed HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis

read and approved the final manuscript

Departamento de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Unam), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7920-410X

Elia Diego-García ^* * Correspondence: elia.diego@ecosur.mx

conceived and designed the experiments

analysed the data

wrote the draft paper

contributed reagents/materials

coordinated the whole team

provided all the technical support

read and approved the final manuscript

El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Grupo Académico de Biotecnología Ambiental, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.

Programa Investigadoras e Investigadores por México del CONAHCyT - El Colegio de la Frontera, Mexico City, Mexico.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2408-4248

* Correspondence: elia.diego@ecosur.mx

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Origin	Species	Locality	GenBank accession number	Specimen	Latitude (N)	Longitude (W)	Altitude (m)
La Encrucijada (En)	C. chiapanensis ♂ ♀	Acapetahua, Chiapas	OR906089 OR906090 OR906091 OR906092	Leg	15°12' 37"	92°53' 58.3"	26
Suchiate (Su)	C. chiapanensis ♂ ♀	Suchiate, Chiapas	OR906087 OR906088	Leg	14°38' 39"	92°11' 52"	33
Cacahoatán (Ca)	C. salei ♂ ♀	Cacahoatán, Chiapas	OR906093 OR906094	Leg	15°02'18.3"	92°10'18.6"	665
Los Tuxtlas (Ver)	C. salei ♀	Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz	OR906095	Leg	18°35' 04"	95°04' 26"	150

La Encrucijada (En)	Suchiate (Su)	Cacahoatán (Ca)	Los Tuxtlas (Ver)
585.25	3809.64	4127.23	775.75
4310.00	4511.86	4237.44	1032.80
4422.50	4623.70	5372.27	1218.15
4534.50	5645.36	5485.87	3740.60
5511.81	5773.19	5510.27	5751.01
5530.50	5774.09	5624.13	5822.57
5752.65	5856.20	5751.37	6285.63
5752.78	5910.45	7275.00	6304.83
6085.26	5928.80	9077.00	6313.01
6166.7*	6170.05	10592.00	6314.42
6268.9*	6271.81		8443.09
	6278.09
	6320.24
	7215.81

Toxin name/ ID UniProt	Amino acid sequence	Identity (%)	Exp. mass (Da)	Length (aa)	Activity
CSTX1 \| P81694	1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70	100	8352	74	Neurotoxic^a,b Ref. [1515. Clémençon B, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Langenegger N, Kopp L, Peigneur S, Tytgat J, Nentwig W, Lüscher BP. Neurotoxin Merging: A strategy deployed by the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei to potentiate toxicity on insects. Toxins (Basel). 2020 Apr 12;12(4):250. doi: 10.3390/toxins12040250. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040250.... ]
	\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|
	SCIPKHEECTNDKHNCCRKGLFKLKCQCSTFDDESGQPTERCACGRPMGHQAIETGLNIFRGLFKGKKKNKKTK
ChiaTx1	SCIQKHEECTNDRHNCCRKGMFKLKCQCSTFDDE…	88.6	5752	-	Neurotoxic^a This work
CSTX-9 \| P58604	-DDKNCIPKHHECTNDKKNCCKKGLTKMKCKCFTVADAKGATSERCACDSSLLQKFGFTGLHIIKGLF	100	7530.9	68	Neurotoxic^b Ref. [5353. Kalume DE, Stenflo J, Czerwiec E, Hambe B, Furie BC, Furie B, Roepstorff P. Structure determination of two conotoxins from Conus textile by a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and biochemical methods. J Mass Spectrom. 2000 Feb;35(2):145-56. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(200002)35:2<145::AID-JMS922>3.0.CO;2-I. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(... ]
ChiaTx2	KDGKNCIPKHHECTNDISNC…	85.0	6166.7 6268.9	-	Neurotoxic^c This work

Site	Fraction	Experimental molecular mass (Da) This work	Molecular mass (Da) of putative related protein/toxin	Activity/UniProtKB (access number)	Reference
En	1	UD	-	-	-
En	2	UD	-	-	-
En	3	5511.81	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ],
En	4	5752.65	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ],[4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
En	4	5530.50	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides
En	5	5752.78	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
En	6	UD	-	-
En	7	6085.26	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
En	8	4422.50	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
		4534.50	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
		4310.0	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides
En	9	UD	-	-	-
En	10	UD	-	-	-
En	11	UD	-	-	-
En	12	585.25	Cupiennin 1 family (998-3800)	Small cationic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
Su	1	UD	-	-	-
Su	2	UD	-	-	-
Su	3	UD	-	-	-
Su	4	5774.09	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
Su	4	5856.20	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [5050. Sommer RJ, Retzlaff M, Goerlich K, Sander K, Tautz D. Evolutionary conservation pattern of zinc-finger domains of Drosophila segmentation genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):10782-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.22.10782. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.22.10782... ]
Su	5	5773.19	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
		5928.80	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
		5645.36	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ][1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ]
Su	6	3809.64	Cupiennin 1 family (998-3800)	Small cationic peptides; Cupiennin-1b (P83620)	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
Su	6	5910.45	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ]
Su	7	7215.81	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
Su	8	6278.09	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ]
Su	9	6320.24	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ]
Su	10	6271.81	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ]
Su	11	4511.86	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
Su	11	4623.70	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
Su	12	6170.05	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ]
Su	13	UD	-	-	-
Ca	1	UD	-	-	-
Ca	2	UD	-	-	-
Ca	3	5510.27	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300);	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
		5510.27	Protein Krueppel (5546.0)	Regulatory protein	[4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
		5372.27	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides
Ca	4	9077.0	CsTx peptides with colipase MIT1-like fold (between 7200-9901)	The acidic peptides (CsTx20 and CsTx21)	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
		10592.0	Enzymes and proteins (above 10000)	The acidic peptides (CsTx20 and CsTx21)	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
		7275.0	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
Ca	5	5624.13	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
Ca	6	5751.37	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
Ca	7	5485.87	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[5050. Sommer RJ, Retzlaff M, Goerlich K, Sander K, Tautz D. Evolutionary conservation pattern of zinc-finger domains of Drosophila segmentation genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):10782-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.22.10782. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.22.10782... ]
Ca	8	4127.23	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides
		4237.44	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
		4237.44	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
Ver	1	1032.80	Cupiennin family (998-3800)	Small cationic peptides; toxin activity
Ver	2	1218.15	Cupiennin family (998-3800)	Small cationic peptides; toxin activity
Ver	3	3740.60	Cupiennin family (998-3800); CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Small cationic peptides; antimicrobial neurotoxin	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ], [5151. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Muller J, Schaller J, Walz A, Dathe M, Nentwig W. Cupiennin 1, a new family of highly basic antimicrobial peptides in the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 29;277(13):11208-16. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111099200. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111099200... ]
Ver	4	5751.01	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1414. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Schürch S, Nentwig W. Venom of Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). In: Gopalakrishnakone P, Corzo G, De Lima ME, Diego-García E, editors. Spider venoms. Springer, Dordrecht. 2016; 47-70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6389-... ], [4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
Ver	5	6285.63	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
Ver	5	6313.01	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
Ver	6	5822.57	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
Ver	7	6314.42	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[4949. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae). Toxicon. 2004 Apr;43(5):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.0... ]
Ver	8	775.75	Cupiennin family (998-3800)	Small cationic peptides; toxin activity	[4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
Ver	9	6304.83	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[4848. Trachsel C, Siegemund D, Kämpfer U, Kopp LS, Bühr C, Grossmann J, Lüthi C, Cunningham M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schürch S, Schaller J. Multicomponent venom of the spider Cupiennius salei: a bioanalytical investigation applying different strategies. FEBS J. 2012 Aug;279(15):2683-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08650.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012... ]
Ver	10	UD	-	-	-
Ver	11	8443.09	CsTx neurotoxins (between 3700-8300)	Neurotoxic peptides	[1111. Kuhn-Nentwig L, Langenegger N, Heller M, Koua D, Nentwig W. The dual prey-inactivation strategy of spiders in-depth venomic analysis of Cupiennius salei. Toxins (Basel). 2019 Mar 19;11(3):167. doi: 10.3390/toxins11030167. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030167... ]
Ver	12	UD	-	-

Symptoms observed in prey model
Symptoms	Venom
Symptoms	C. chiapanensis	C. salei	Cen. tapachulaensis
Inability to move wings	+	++	+++
Loss of leg movement	++	+++	++
Paralysis	+++	+++	+++

Venom	Conc. (μg/ μL)	Effect in flies		Prey mass (mg)	Reaction time (min)	Lethal time (min)	Number of flies
Venom	Conc. (μg/ μL)	Paralytic	Lethal	Prey mass (mg)	Reaction time (min)	Lethal time (min)	Number of flies
C. chiapanensis	50	++	+++	14.76	3	30	5
C. salei	50	++	+++	17.2	0	20	5
Cen. tapachulaensis	50	+++	+++	15.32	0	50	5
Cen. chiapanensis	40	++	+++	14.73	5	40	10
C. salei	40	+++	+++	14.25	0	30	10
C. chiapanensis	20	++	+++	14.94	5	60	10
C. salei	20	+++	+++	14.58	1	60	10
Cen. tapachulaensis	20	+++	+++	13.66	1	60	5

[1] * Correspondence: elia.diego@ecosur.mx

Brasil

Brasil

Cupiennius spiders (Trechaleidae) from southern Mexico: DNA barcoding, venomics, and biological effect

Abstract

Background:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion: