India (North) |
22 |
246 |
70 (28%) |
|
|
|
76% |
14% |
92 ± 34 |
233 ±107 |
29% |
[42 42. Chugh KS. Snake-bite-induced acute kidney failure in India. Kidney Int. 1989 Mar;35(3):891-907.] |
Brazil (South) |
3.6 |
100 |
29 (29%) |
4.8 |
< 0.5 |
83% |
24% |
|
|
|
10% |
[48 48. Pinho FM, Zanetta DMT, Burdmann EA. Acute renal failure after Crotalus durissus snakebite: a prospective survey on 100 patients. Kidney Int. 2005 Feb; 67(2):659-67.] |
Taiwan |
2.6 |
|
13 |
5.5 |
< 0.5 |
|
69% |
38% |
18 ± 5 |
261 ± 56 |
0 |
[61 61. Hung DZ, Yu YJ, Hsu CL, Lin TJ. Antivenom treatment and kidney dysfunction in Russell’s viper snakebite in Taiwan: a case series. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006 May; 100(5):489-94.] |
India (South) |
2 |
1,548 |
159 (10%) |
1.3 |
0.9 |
28% |
45% |
25% |
42 ± ND |
100 ± ND |
23% |
[49 49. Athappan G, Balaji MV, Navaneethan U, Thirumalikolundusubramanian P. Acute renal failure in snake envenomation: a large prospective study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008 May; 19(3):404-10.] |
Turkey (West) |
7 |
200 |
16 (8%) |
1 |
0.1 |
|
25% |
60% |
29 ± 5 |
113 ± 78 |
18% |
[46 46. Danis R, Ozmen S, Celen MK, Akin D, Ayaz C, Yazanel O. Snakebite-induced acute kidney injury: data from Southeast Anatolia. Ren Fail. 2008; 30(1):51-5.] |
India (South) |
10 |
533 |
143 (27%) |
2.3 |
< 1 |
|
57% |
|
|
|
21% |
[40 40. David S, Matathia S, Christopher S. Mortality predictors of snake bite envenomation in southern India--a ten-year retrospective audit of 533 patients. J Med Toxicol. 2012 Jun;8(2):118-23.] |
India (Center) |
1.6 |
246 |
109 (44%) |
5.3&
|
> 1.3&
|
23%&
|
52% |
42%&
|
66 ± ND&
|
148 ± ND&
|
16% |
[55 55. Patil TB, Bansod YV, Patil MB. Snake bite induced acute renal failure: A study of clinical profile and predictors of poor outcome. World J Nephrol Urol. 2012;1(2):59-65.] |
India (Center) |
1.7 |
281 |
87 (31%) |
2.3 |
0.9 |
83% |
55% |
|
49 ± 25 |
163 ±83 |
39% |
[50 50. Dharod MV, Patil TB, Deshpande AS, Gulhane RV, Patil MB, Bansod YV. Clinical predictors of acute kidney injury following snake bite envenomation. N Am J Med Sci. 2013 Oct; 5(10):594-9.] |
India (South) |
1 |
246 |
36 (15%) |
1.3 |
0.9 |
39% |
44% |
|
31 ± 15 |
85 ± 29 |
22% |
[51 51. Harshavardhan L, Lokesh AJ, Tejeshwari HL, Halesha BR, Siddaharma SM. A study on the acute kidney injury in snake bite victims in a tertiary care centre. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013 May;7(5):853-6.] |
Brazil (North) |
10 |
276 |
42 (15%) |
3.2 |
1 |
52% |
31% |
|
30 ± 29 |
107 ± 74 |
0 |
[52 52. Albuquerque PLMM, Silva GB, Jacinto CN, Lima JB, Lima CB, Amaral YS, et al. Acute kidney injury after snakebite accident treated in a Brazilian tertiary care centre. Nephrology (Carlton). 2014 Dec; 19(12):764-70.] |
India (South) |
1.6 |
61 |
28 (46%) |
1.2 |
0.2 |
38% |
36% |
|
|
|
14% |
[62 62. Krishnamurthy S, Gunasekaran K, Mahadevan S, Bobby Z, Kumar AP. Russells viper envenomation-associated acute kidney injury in children in Southern India. Indian Pediatr. 2015 Jul; 52(7):583-6.] |
China (Center) |
1.8 |
119 |
16 (13%) |
1 |
1.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
6% |
[47 47. Li W, Chen F, Wu S. The related risk factors analysis of snake-bite induced Acute Kidney Injury. Med Sci Monit. 2016 Jul 5; 22:2335-9.] |
Pakistan |
25 |
|
115 |
1.6 |
8.8 |
65% |
92% |
|
|
|
13% |
[19 19. Naqvi R. Snake-bite-induced acute kidney injury. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2016 Jun; 26(6):517-20.] |
India (North) |
1.5 |
138 |
62 (45%) |
4.2 |
2.8 |
50% |
|
|
|
|
|
[53 53. Singh RR, Uraiya D, Kumar A, Tripathi N. Early demographic and clinical predictors of developing acute kidney injury in snake bite patients: A retrospective controlled study from an Indian tertiary care hospital in North Eastern Uttar Pradesh India. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2016 Jul;20(7):404-8.] |
India (North) |
1.3 |
460 |
155 (34%) |
2.2 |
3.2 |
66% |
100% |
10% |
46 ± 2 |
|
30% |
[63 63. Mukhopadhyay P, Mishra R, Mukherjee D, Mishra R, Kar M. Snakebite mediated acute kidney injury, prognostic predictors, oxidative and carbonyl stress: A prospective study. Indian J Nephrol. 2016 Nov-Dec; 26(6):427-33.] |
India (North) |
13 |
447 |
121 (27%) |
0.7 |
3.4 |
87% |
82% |
48% |
72 ± 42 |
169 ± 75 |
9% |
[21 21. Vikrant S, Jaryal A, Parashar A. Clinicopathological spectrum of snake bite-induced acute kidney injury from India. World J Nephrol. 2017 May 6; 6(3):150-61.] |
India (Center) |
1.8 |
|
100 |
1.6 |
> 0.5 |
64% |
12% |
26% |
23 ± ND |
610 ± ND |
6% |
[56 56. Pulimaddi R, Parveda AR, Brahmanpally B, Kalakanda PM, Ramakrishna K. Incidence & prognosis of acute kidney injury in individuals of snakebite in a tertiary care hospital in India. Indian J Med Res. 2017 Dec; 146(6):754-8.] |
Myanmar |
1.3 |
258 |
140 (54%) |
3.7 |
|
60% |
49% |
|
22 ± ND |
597 ± ND |
19% |
[20 20. Aye KP, Thanachartwet V, Soe C, Desakorn V, Thwin KT, Chamnanchanunt S, et al. Clinical and laboratory parameters associated with acute kidney injury in patients with snakebite envenomation: a prospective observational study from Myanmar. BMC Nephrol. 2017 Mar 16; 18(1):92.] |
Brazil (North) |
2 |
345 |
24 (7%) |
4.4 |
< 0.5 |
58% |
17% |
100% |
|
|
0 |
[54 54. Alves EC, Sachett JDAG, Sampaio VS, Sousa JDB, De Oliveira SS, Nascimento EF, et al. Predicting acute kidney failure in Bothrops snakebite patients in a tertiary reference center, Western Brazilian Amazon. PLoS One. 2018 Aug; 13(8):e02023361.] |
Brazil (North) |
1 |
63 |
22 (35%) |
0.8 |
< 0.5 |
|
5% |
|
|
|
|
[23 23. Albuquerque PLMM, da Silva Junior GB, Meneses GC, Martins AMC, Lima DB, Raubenheimer J, et al. Acute kidney injury induced by Bothrops venom: insights into the pathogenic mechanisms. Toxins (Basel). 2019 Mar;11(3) :148.] |
Benin (Center)$
|
1.6 |
51 |
16 (31%) |
7 |
8.5 |
88% |
6% |
69% |
86 ± 39 |
60 ± 10 |
25% |
This study |