The increasing life expectancy of patients with chronic diseases, including chronic renal failure, means that treatment methods are constantly being updated and improved. Long term hemodialysis has created the need to provide and maintain long lasting vascular access. Arteriovenous fistula is the first-choice option for hemodialysis and research has been conducted to attempt to increase the useful life of both fistula and catheter access methods. This article reviews the vascular access options and solutions currently available for hemodialysis.