Monounsaturated fatty acid intake and lipid metabolism

Lopes, Lílian Lelis; Peluzio, Maria do Carmo Gouveia; Hermsdorff, Helen Hermana Miranda

doi:10.1590/1677-5449.008515

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Review Articles • J. Vasc. Bras. 15 (1) • Jan-Mar 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.008515 copy

Monounsaturated fatty acid intake and lipid metabolism

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Abstract

The objective of this review is to present and discuss the most recent findings related to the effects of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on plasma markers of lipid metabolism observed in postprandial studies and clinical nutritional intervention studies. Searches were conducted on several different databases for publications from 2010 to 2014 using the following keywords: MUFA, Lipemia, Lipid Metabolism, Triglycerides and Postprandial. High-MUFA meal has presented beneficial effect on postprandial lipidemia response, but it is not yet completely clear whether this response to MUFA intake may be different in people with excess weight and/or other chronic diseases. In general, cardiovascular risk factors were reduced and lipid profiles improved after interventions with MUFA. In conclusion, recent studies have demonstrated that consuming MUFA has beneficial effects at short and long time by increasing/maintaining HDL-cholesterol concentrations and reducing levels of LDL cholesterol.

Keywords:
monounsaturated fatty acids; triacylglycerol; oleic acid; cardiovascular diseases

Authors	Type of study	Sample	Duration of intervention	Test groups	Quantity of MUFA ingested	Main results (MUFA)
Jiménez-Gómez et al.⁷7 Jiménez-Gómez Y, Marín C, Peérez-Martínez P, et al. A low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diet supplemented with long-chain (n-3) fatty acids alters the postprandial lipoprotein profile in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr. 2010;140(9):1595-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.120816. PMid:20631323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.120816...	Randomized	130 people with MS BMI = NR Age = NR	8 hours	Group 1: 38% SFA Group 2: 43% MUFA Group 3: low fat diet (28%) + omega 3 Group 4: low fat diet (28%)	43% of total lipids	accentuated ↑ in TAG, returning to baseline in a shorter time than other groups
Hartwich et al.⁸8 Hartwich J, Leszczynska-Golabek I, Kiec-Wilk B, et al. Lipoprotein profile, plasma ischemia modified albumin and LDL density change in the course of postprandial lipemia. Insights from the LIPGENE study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2010;70(3):201-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365511003663630. PMid:20233037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365511003663...	Randomized	164 people with MS criteria BMI = 20 to 40 kg/m² Age = 35 to 70 years	8 hours	Group1: 16% SFA Group2: 20% MUFA Group 3: low fat diet + omega 3 Group 4: low fat diet	20% of TCV of the meal	accentuated ↑ in TAG, returning to baseline in a shorter time than other groups
Bouwens et al.⁹9 Bouwens M, Grootte Bromhaar M, Jansen J, Müller M, Afman LA. Postprandial dietary lipid-specific effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profiles. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(1):208-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28586. PMid:19923369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.2858...	Randomized Single-blind Crossover	21 healthy men BMI = 18 to 27 kg/m² Age 19 to 27 years	6 hours	Group1: 70% SFA Group 2: 80% MUFA Group 3: 65% PUFA	55 g (80% of total lipids)	Greater reduction in cholesterol after 6h compared to other groups
Perez-Martinez et al.¹1 Perez-Martinez P, Ordovas JM, Garcia-Rios A, et al. Consumption of diets with different type of fat influences triacylglycerols-rich lipoproteins particle number and size during the postprandial state. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;21(1):39-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2009.07.008. PMid:19819118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2009....	Randomized Crossover	20 healthy men BMI = 24.5±2.7 kg/m² Age = 22±1.8 years	11 hours	Group 1: 35% SFA Group 2: 36% MUFA Group 3: 55% CHO+ 8% PUFA	36% of total lipids	↓ in total number and ↑ in size of TRL ↓ cardiovascular risk compared to other groups
Lopez et al.¹⁰10 Lopez S, Bermudez B, Ortega A, et al. Effects of meals rich in either monounsaturated or saturated fat on lipid concentrations and on insulin secretion and action in subjects with high fasting triglyceride concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(3):494-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.003251. PMid:21209225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.00325...	Crossover	14 hypertriglyceridemic men BMI = 24.2±5.1 kg/m² Age = 33±7 years	8 hours	Group1: 10 kcal of MUFA per kg of body weight Group2: 10 kcal of SFA per kg of body weight Group 3: Control (without lipids)	10 kcal/kg weight	↑ TAG, ↑ NEFA, ↑ insulin (Groups 1 and 2)
Teng et al.¹¹11 Teng KT, Nagapan G, Cheng HM, Nesaretnam K. Palm olein and olive oil cause a higher increase in postprandial lipemia compared with lard but had no effect on plasma glucose, insulin and adipocytokines. Lipids. 2011;46(4):381-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-010-3516-y. PMid:21197586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-010-351...	Randomized Single-blind Crossover	10 healthy men BMI = 21±1.6 kg/m² Age = 21.9±0.7 years	4 hours	Group 1: 50 g of MUFA Group 2: 50 g of SFA Group 3: 50 g of PUFA	50 g	↑ in TAG was greatest in Group 1, followed by Group 2
Lozano et al.¹²12 Lozano A, Perez-Martinez P, Delgado-Lista J, et al. Body mass interacts with fat quality to determine the postprandial lipoprotein response in healthy young adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22(4):355-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2010.07.013. PMid:21093231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2010....	Randomized Crossover	21 healthy men BMI > 26.18 kg/m² and BMI < 26.18 kg/m² Age = 23±1.5 years	11 hours	Group 1: 38% MUFA Group 2: 35% SFA Group 3: 20% SFA, 24% MUFA and 16% PUFA	38% of TCV of the meal	↓ TRL-TAG compared to other groups
Van Dijk et al.¹³13 Van Dijk S, Feskens E, Bos MB, et al. Consumption of a high monounsaturated fat diet reduces oxidative phosphorylation gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of abdominally overweight. J Nutr. 2012;142(7):1219-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.155283. PMid:22623392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.155283...	Randomized Crossover	42 men (healthy weight, obese and obese with type 2 diabetes) BMI = NR Age = 50 to 70 years	4 hours	Group 1: 51 g of SFA Group 2: 79 g of MUFA Group 3: 38 g of PUFA	79 g	↓ Free fatty acids over time (MUFA > SFA > PUFA)
Lozano et al.²2 Lozano A, Perez-Martinez P, Marin C, et al. An acute intake of a walnut-enriched meal improves postprandial adiponectin response in healthy young adults. Nutr Res. 2013;33(12):1012-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2013.08.010. PMid:24267040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2013....	Randomized Crossover	21 men BMI = NR Age = 23±1.5 years	11 hours	Group 1: 38% MUFA Group 2: 35% SFA Group 3: 20% SFA, 24% MUFA and 16% PUFA	38% of TCV of the meal	No differences between groups
Raz et al.¹⁴14 Raz O, Steinvil A, Berliner S, Rosenzweig T, Justo D, Shapira I. The effect of two iso-caloric meals containing equal amounts of fats with a different fat composition on the inflammatory and metabolic markers in apparently healthy volunteers. J Inflamm. 2013;10(1):3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-10-3. PMid:23369030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-10-3...	Crossover	54 individuals BMI = 25±0.9 kg/m² Age = 41.7±3.1 years	4 hours	Group 1: 51 g of MUFA Group 2: 51 g of SFA	51 g	↑ in TAG smaller after MUFA
Pietraszek et al.¹⁵15 Pietraszek A, Gregersen S, Pedersen SB, Holst JJ, Hermansen K. Acute effects of monounsaturated fat on postprandial lipemia and gene expression in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(9):1022-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.64. PMid:24824014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.64...	NR	17 healthy people 17 people with DM2 BMI= NR Age = NR	4 hours	Group 1: free from DM2, MUFA intake Group 2: with DM2, MUFA intake	67 g	Healthy people responded better to treatment
Cabello-Moruno et al.¹⁶16 Cabello-Moruno R, Martinez-Force E, Montero E, Perona JS. Minor components of olive oil facilitate the triglyceride clearance from postprandial lipoproteins in a polarity-dependent manner in healthy men. Nutr Res. 2014;34(1):40-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2013.10.003. PMid:24418245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2013....	Randomized Crossover	10 healthy men BMI = 23.7±2 kg/m² Age = 26±4.3 years	6 hours	Group 1: 70 g pomace olive oil (MUFA) Group 2: 70 g refined olive oil (MUFA)	70 g	No differences in TAG between groups Larger TRL Particles in the pomace group

Authors	Study type	Sample	Duration of intervention	Test groups	Quantity of MUFA ingested	Main results
Adams et al.¹⁷17 Adams TH, Walzem RL, Smith DR, Tseng S, Smith SB. Hamburger high in total, saturated and trans-fatty acids decreases HDL cholesterol and LDL particle diameter, and increases TAG, in mildly hypercholesterolaemic men. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(1):91-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509991516. PMid:19674491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509991...	Crossover	10 hypercholesterolemic men BMI = 26.8±1.1 kg/m² Age = 49.3±8.6 years	5 weeks 3-week washout	Group 1: 16.7 g of SFA Group 2: 20.2 g of MUFA	20.2 g	↓calorie intake, ↑HDL-C, ↑stearic, oleic and linoleic acids Positive correlation between TAG and VLDL-C, palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acids Negative correlation between HDL-C and palmitic and palmitoleic acids; and between LDL-C diameter and palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, ↑ MUFA and ↓ palmitic acid
Gillingham et al.¹⁸18 Gillingham LG, Gustafson JA, Han S-Y, Jassal DS, Jones PJH. High-oleic rapeseed (canola) and flaxseed oils modulate serum lipids and inflammatory biomarkers in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(3):417-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510003697. PMid:20875216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510003...	Randomized Controlled Crossover Single-blind	36 hypercholesterolemic people BMI =22 to 36 kg/m² Age = 18 to 65 years	28 days 4 to 8 weeks’ washout	Group 1: 70% PUFA Group 2: 70% MUFA Group 3: Western diet (35% lipids)	70% of total lipids	↑ MUFA and ↓ SFA totals in blood ↓total cholesterol and LDL-C
Gilmore et al.¹⁹19 Gilmore LA, Walzem RL, Crouse SF, et al. Consumption of high-oleic acid ground beef increases HDL-cholesterol concentration but both high- and low-oleic acid ground beef decrease HDL particle diameter in normocholesterolemic men. J Nutr. 2011;141(6):1188-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.136085. PMid:21525253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.136085...	Randomized Crossover	27 men with normal lipid profiles; BMI = NR Age 23 to 60 years	5 weeks 4-week washout	Group 1: 32±3 g/day MUFA Group 2: 31±4 g/day MUFA	32±3 g/day or 31±4 g/day	↑HDL-C and ↓ LDL: HDL-C ratio positively correlated with insulin
AlSaleh et al.²⁰20 AlSaleh A, O’Dell SD, Frost GS, et al. Interaction of PPARG Pro12Ala with dietary fat influences plasma lipids in subjects at cardiometabolic risk. J Lipid Res. 2011;52(12):2298-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.P019281. PMid:21949049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.P019281...	Parallel design	367 men and women BMI = NR Age = 30 to 70 years	4 weeks 3 nutritional interventions	Group 1: 18% SFA Group 2: 20% MUFA Group 3: low fat diet (28% lipids)	18% of daily TCV	↓phospholipids, ↓ APO B ↓ Total cholesterol and ↓ LDL-C
Baxheinrich et al.²¹21 Baxheinrich A, Stratmann B, Lee-Barkey YH, Tschoepe D, Wahrburg U. Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(4):682-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512002875. PMid:22894911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512002...	Parallel design	81 people with MS BMI = NR Age = NR	26 weeks	Group 1: 30 mL of oil + 20g of margarine (PUFA) Group 2: 30 mL of oil + 20g of margarine (MUFA)	30 mL of oil + 20 g of margarine	↓ weight, total cholesterol, LDL-C and insulin ↓ MS indices
Bozzetto et al.²²22 Bozzetto L, De Natale C, Di Capua L, et al. The association of hs-CRP with fasting and postprandial plasma lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes is disrupted by dietary monounsaturated fatty acids. Acta Diabetol. 2013;50(2):273-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-011-0318-5. PMid:21833777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-011-031...	Controlled	12 people with DM2 BMI = 28±1 kg/m² Age = 59±4 years	4 weeks	Group 1: 23% MUFA Group 2; 52% CHO with low GI	23% of daily TCV	↓TRL (CHO/Low GI > MUFA)
Phillips et al.²³23 Phillips CM, Tierney AC, Perez-Martinez P, et al. Obesity and body fat classification in the metabolic syndrome: impact on cardiometabolic risk metabotype. Obesity. 2013;21(1):154-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.20263. PMid:23505198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.20263...	Randomized Cohort study	486 men and women with MS BMI = 20 to 40 kg/m² Age = 35 to 70 years	12 weeks	Group 1: 12% SFA Group 2: 20% MUFA Group 3: ↑ CHO + MUFA Group 4: ↑ CHO + ω -3	20% of daily TCV	No changes in lipid profile in healthy weight or obese groups
Nishi et al.²⁴24 Nishi S, Kendall CWC, Gascoyne A, et al. Effect of almond consumption on the serum fatty acid profile : a dose – response study. Br J Nutr. 2014;112(7):1137-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514001640. PMid:25138064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514001...	Randomized Crossover	27 people (LDL-C elevated/high) BMI = 25.7±3 kg/m² Age = 64±9 years	4 weeks	Group 1: 7.6% MUFA Group 2: PUFA (% NR) Group 3: Control (MUFA + PUFA - % NR)	7.6% of daily TCV	↑ oleic acid, ↑ MUFA and ↓ palmitic acid in MUFA and control groups Positive correlations between palmitic acid concentrations and TAG and cholesterol and negative correlation with HDL-C
Bozzetto et al.²⁵25 Bozzetto L, Annuzzi G, Costabile G, et al. A CHO/fibre diet reduces and a MUFA diet increases postprandial lipaemia in type 2 diabetes: no supplementary effects of low-volume physical training. Acta Diabetol. 2014;51(3):385-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-013-0522-6. PMid:24132660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-013-052...	Randomized Parallel	45 people with DM2 Overweight/obese BMI = NR Age = NR	8 weeks	Group 1: low GI CHO and fiber (with and without exercise) Group 2: 27±1% MUFA (with and without exercise)	27±1% of daily TCV	No changes to concentrations of total cholesterol and increased TAG in MUFA group compared with CHO group

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[1] Conflicts of interest: No conflicts of interest declared concerning the publication of this article.