Figure 1
Model and view of a footbridge spanning between two buildings.
Figure 2
General view and details of the numerical model for T joints.
Figure 3
Force-displacement curves for incremental brace loading combined with 50% Npl at the chord in tension for different values of the variables γ and β (in each graph γ is constant and β varies).
Figure 4
Force-displacement curves for incremental brace loading combined with 50% Npl at the chord in compression for different values of the variables γ and β in each graph γ is constant and β varies).
Figure 5
Force-displacement curves for incremental brace loading combined with 50% Npl at the chord in tension for different values of the variables γ and β in each graph β is constant and γ varies).
Figure 6
Force-displacement curves for incremental brace loading combined with 50% Npl at the chord in compression for different values of the variables γ and β in each graph β is constant and γ varies).
Figure 7
Application of design rules to different joint geometries.
Figure 8
Influence of the chord axial loading over the joint resistance (variation of β for different γ levels).
Figure 9
Influence of the chord axial loading over the joint resistance (variation of γ for different β levels).
Figure 10
Comparison between the numerical resistance and the results provided by CIDECT (Packer et al., 2009Packer, J.A., Wardenier, J., Zhao, X.-L., van der Vegte, G.J., Kurobane Y., (2009). Design guide for rectangular hollow section (RHS) joints under predominantly static loading 3(2), CIDECT.) or (ISO 14346, 2013International Organization for Standardization (ISO), (2013). Static Design Procedure for Welded Hollow-Section Joints - Recommendations, ISO 14346:2013(E), Geneva, Switzerland.) and (EC3, 2005Eurocode 3, EN 1993-1-8, (2010). Design of steel structures - Part 1.8: Design of joints. CEN, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.) for different chord load levels (variation of β).
Figure 11
Comparison between the numerical resistance and the results provided by CIDECT (Packer et al., 2009Packer, J.A., Wardenier, J., Zhao, X.-L., van der Vegte, G.J., Kurobane Y., (2009). Design guide for rectangular hollow section (RHS) joints under predominantly static loading 3(2), CIDECT.) or (ISO 14346, 2013International Organization for Standardization (ISO), (2013). Static Design Procedure for Welded Hollow-Section Joints - Recommendations, ISO 14346:2013(E), Geneva, Switzerland.) and (EC3, 2005Eurocode 3, EN 1993-1-8, (2010). Design of steel structures - Part 1.8: Design of joints. CEN, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.) for different chord load levels (variation of γ).
Figure 12
Variation of normalized resistances from finite element analysis, CIDECT (Packer et al., 2009Packer, J.A., Wardenier, J., Zhao, X.-L., van der Vegte, G.J., Kurobane Y., (2009). Design guide for rectangular hollow section (RHS) joints under predominantly static loading 3(2), CIDECT.) or (ISO 14346, 2013International Organization for Standardization (ISO), (2013). Static Design Procedure for Welded Hollow-Section Joints - Recommendations, ISO 14346:2013(E), Geneva, Switzerland.) and (EC3, 2005Eurocode 3, EN 1993-1-8, (2010). Design of steel structures - Part 1.8: Design of joints. CEN, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.) for different chord load levels
Figure 13
Simultaneous influence of parameters β and chord axial load over the normalized joint resistance.
Figure 14
Simultaneous influence of parameters γ and chord axial load over the normalized joint resistance.
Figure 15
Influence of the chord axial load over the joint initial stiffness (variation of parameter β).
Figure 16
Influence of the chord axial load over the joint initial stiffness (variation of parameter γ).
Figure 17
von Mises stresses for tension and compression in the chord for two representative brace load levels.
Table 1
Overview of the numerical simulations.
Table 2
Numerical and analytical ((EC3, 2005Eurocode 3, EN 1993-1-8, (2010). Design of steel structures - Part 1.8: Design of joints. CEN, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.) and CIDECT (Packer et al., 2009Packer, J.A., Wardenier, J., Zhao, X.-L., van der Vegte, G.J., Kurobane Y., (2009). Design guide for rectangular hollow section (RHS) joints under predominantly static loading 3(2), CIDECT.) or (ISO 14346, 2013International Organization for Standardization (ISO), (2013). Static Design Procedure for Welded Hollow-Section Joints - Recommendations, ISO 14346:2013(E), Geneva, Switzerland.)). Results for each connection typology for a tensile chord loading of 0.5Npl.
Table 3
Numerical and analytical ((EC3, 2005Eurocode 3, EN 1993-1-8, (2010). Design of steel structures - Part 1.8: Design of joints. CEN, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.) and CIDECT (Packer et al., 2009Packer, J.A., Wardenier, J., Zhao, X.-L., van der Vegte, G.J., Kurobane Y., (2009). Design guide for rectangular hollow section (RHS) joints under predominantly static loading 3(2), CIDECT.) or (ISO 14346, 2013International Organization for Standardization (ISO), (2013). Static Design Procedure for Welded Hollow-Section Joints - Recommendations, ISO 14346:2013(E), Geneva, Switzerland.)). Results for each connection typology for a compressive chord loading of 0.5Npl.
Table 4
Numerical and analytical ((EC3, 2005Eurocode 3, EN 1993-1-8, (2010). Design of steel structures - Part 1.8: Design of joints. CEN, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.) and CIDECT (Packer et al., 2009Packer, J.A., Wardenier, J., Zhao, X.-L., van der Vegte, G.J., Kurobane Y., (2009). Design guide for rectangular hollow section (RHS) joints under predominantly static loading 3(2), CIDECT.) or (ISO 14346, 2013International Organization for Standardization (ISO), (2013). Static Design Procedure for Welded Hollow-Section Joints - Recommendations, ISO 14346:2013(E), Geneva, Switzerland.)). Results for each connection typology for a tensile chord loading of 0.8Npl.
Table 5
Numerical and analytical ((EC3, 2005Eurocode 3, EN 1993-1-8, (2010). Design of steel structures - Part 1.8: Design of joints. CEN, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.) and CIDECT (Packer et al., 2009Packer, J.A., Wardenier, J., Zhao, X.-L., van der Vegte, G.J., Kurobane Y., (2009). Design guide for rectangular hollow section (RHS) joints under predominantly static loading 3(2), CIDECT.) or (ISO 14346, 2013International Organization for Standardization (ISO), (2013). Static Design Procedure for Welded Hollow-Section Joints - Recommendations, ISO 14346:2013(E), Geneva, Switzerland.)). Results for each connection typology for a compressive chord loading of 0.8Npl
Table 6
Initial stiffness values for each connection typology and chord axial loading.