Figure 1
Geometry of the analyzed cone having non-uniform length with number of waves, N = 4, in the form of sinusoidal wave (
Figure 1a), triangular waves (
Figure 1b), and square waves (
Figure 1c).
Figure 2
Plot of experimental collapse load of perfect and imperfect cones having different wave profiles and different number of wave, N.
Figure 3
Plot of experimental collapse load of perfect and imperfect cones having sinusoidal wave profiles with different number of wave, N.
Figure 4
Plot of experimental collapse load of perfect and imperfect cones having triangular wave profiles with different number of wave, N.
Figure 5
Plot of experimental collapse load of perfect and imperfect cones having square wave profiles and number of wave, N.
Figure 6
Plot of average experimental collapse load of perfect and imperfect cones having different wave profiles and number of wave, N.
Figure 7
Comparison of average numerical and experimental plot of axial force versus number of waves for perfect and imperfect cones having sinusoidal wave.
Figure 8
Comparison of average numerical and experimental plot of axial force number of waves for perfect and imperfect cones having triangular wave.
Figure 9
Comparison of average numerical and experimental plot of axial force versus number of waves for perfect and imperfect cones having square wave.
Figure 10
Typical view of deformed perfect and imperfect cones with A = 0.28 (a) experimental and (b) numerical.
Figure 11
Effect of cone axial imperfection amplitude, A, on the buckling load of axially compressed imperfect cone having sinusoidal waves with small radius-to-thickness ratio, r1/t of 25.
Figure 12
Plot of load versus compression extension for perfect and imperfect cone having radius-to-thickness ratio, r1/t = 25, with imperfection amplitude, A =1.12, and fixed number of wave at the top edge, N = 4.
Figure 13
Plot of load versus compression extension for perfect and imperfect cone having radius-to-thickness ratio, r1/t = 100, with imperfection amplitude, A = 1.12, and fixed number of wave at the top edge, N = 4.
Figure 14
Effect of cone axial imperfection amplitude, A, on the buckling load of axially compressed imperfect cone having triangular waves with small radius-to-thickness ratio, r1/t of 25.
Figure 15
Effect of cone axial imperfection amplitude, A, on the buckling load of axially compressed imperfect cone having square waves with small radius-to-thickness ratio, r1/t of 25.
Figure 16
Effect of wave number, N, on the buckling load of axially compressed imperfect cone having sinusoidal waves with small radius-to-thickness ratio, r1/t of 25.
Figure 17
Effect of wave number, N, on the buckling load of axially compressed imperfect cone having triangular waves with small radius-to-thickness ratio, r1/t of 25.
Figure 18
Effect of wave number, N, on the buckling load of axially compressed imperfect cone having square waves with small radius-to-thickness ratio, r1/t of 25.
Figure 19
Effect of wave shape on the buckling load of axially compressed imperfect cone having waves number, N = 4, with small radius-to-thickness ratio, r1/t of 25.
Figure 20
Effect of wave shape on the buckling load of axially compressed imperfect cone having waves number, N = 6, with small radius-to-thickness ratio, r1/t of 25.
Figure 21
Effect of wave shape on the buckling load of axially compressed imperfect cone having waves number, N = 8, with small radius-to-thickness ratio, r1/t of 25.
Figure 22
Growth of contact area on five chosen points on the loading steps for a conical shell having sinusoidal waves (N = 4).
Figure 23
Plot of collapse load versus axial shortening for cone having sinusoidal waves with N = 4 and A = 0.28, indicating the location of the contact area.
Figure 24
Plot of collapse load versus axial shortening for cone having sinusoidal waves with N = 4 and A = 2.80, indicating the location of the contact area.
Figure 25
Plot of comparison of sensitivity of conical shells to four different imperfection type, i.e., uneven length with sinusoidal waves (N = 2), uneven length with triangular waves (N = 2), uneven length with square waves (N = 2) and eigenmode imperfection.
Table 1
Measurements of all tested conical shells.
Table 2
Comparison of experimental and numerical buckling load of imperfect cones with different wave number and wave shape.
Table 3
Mesh convergence studies for axially compressed perfect cone.
Table 4
The buckling load for imperfect cone with different number of sinusoidal waves and axial imperfection amplitude-to-thickness ratio ranging from 0 - 2.8.
Table 5
Effect of imperfection amplitude and radius-to-thickness ratio on the buckling load of axial compressed uneven cone. The number in bracket is the ratio of buckling load of imperfect cone to perfect cone.
Table 6
The influence of wave amplitude, wave number and wave shape on the buckling load for imperfect cone with uneven length. (I) ≡ sinusoidal waves, (II) ≡ triangular waves, and (III) ≡ square waves.
Table 7
The effect of contact interaction on the buckling load for imperfect cone with different number of sinusoidal waves and axial imperfection amplitude. Note: (I) ≡ contact interaction with set of top edge nodes, and (II) ≡ contact interaction with set of N-point nodes.