Experiments considered in this semi-empirical model |
(Diao et al. 2014Diao, H., A. Bismarck, P. Robinson, and Michael R. Wisnom. 2014. “Production of Continuous Intermingled CF/GF Hybrid Composite via Fibre Tow Spreading Technology.” P. 8 in ECCM16 - 16TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS. Sevilla.) (Zhou et al. 2006Zhou, Yuanxin, Mohammed a. Baseer, Hassan Mahfuz, and Shaik Jeelani. 2006. “Statistical Analysis on the Fatigue Strength Distribution of T700 Carbon Fiber.” Composites Science and Technology 66(13):2100-2106.) (Watanabe et al. 2014Watanabe, J., F. Tanaka, H. Okuda, and Tomonaga Okabe. 2014. “Tensile Strength Distribution of Carbon Fibers at Short Gauge Lengths.” Advanced Composite Materials 23(5-6):535-50.) |
T700SC/ Epoxy |
0.38 |
230 |
6.9 |
2700 |
100 |
9.03 |
23 |
1055 |
12306 |
1.47E-02 |
1067 |
1.18
|
(Matveev et al. 2014Matveev, M. Y., a. C. Long, and I. a. Jones. 2014. “Modelling of Textile Composites with Fibre Strength Variability.” Composites Science and Technology 105:44-50.) |
AS400/ Epoxy |
0.59 |
294 |
7.1 |
4275 |
12.5 |
10.3 |
40 |
1890 |
9872 |
3.06E-03 |
1836 |
2.84
|
(Matveev et al. 2014Matveev, M. Y., a. C. Long, and I. a. Jones. 2014. “Modelling of Textile Composites with Fibre Strength Variability.” Composites Science and Technology 105:44-50.) |
T700 / Epoxy |
0.70 |
220 |
7.0 |
5470 |
20 |
5.6 |
40 |
3409 |
13756 |
3.13E-02 |
3497 |
2.59
|
(Koyanagi et al. 2009Koyanagi, Jun, Hiroshi Hatta, Masaki Kotani, and Hiroyuki Kawada. 2009. “A Comprehensive Model for Determining Tensile Strengths of Various Unidirectional Composites.” Journal of Composite Materials 43(18):1901-14.) |
M40/ Epoxy |
0.59 |
392 |
6.0 |
4500 |
25 |
16 |
50 |
2310 |
9955 |
3.24E-03 |
2268 |
1.80
|
(Curtin 2000Curtin, William A. 2000. “Tensile Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Composites: III. Beyond the Traditional Weibull Model for Fiber Strengths.” Journal of Composite Materials 34(15):1301-32.) |
AS4/ Epoxy |
0.68 |
234 |
7.1 |
4275 |
12.7 |
10.7 |
40 |
1890 |
8524 |
1.09E-03 |
1939 |
2.61
|
(Curtin 2000Curtin, William A. 2000. “Tensile Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Composites: III. Beyond the Traditional Weibull Model for Fiber Strengths.” Journal of Composite Materials 34(15):1301-32.) |
AS4/ Epoxy |
0.68 |
234 |
7.1 |
4493 |
10 |
8.33 |
40 |
1890 |
9374 |
2.11E-03 |
1914 |
1.27
|
(Koyanagi et al. 2009Koyanagi, Jun, Hiroshi Hatta, Masaki Kotani, and Hiroyuki Kawada. 2009. “A Comprehensive Model for Determining Tensile Strengths of Various Unidirectional Composites.” Journal of Composite Materials 43(18):1901-14.) |
M40/ Vinilester |
0.30 |
392 |
6.0 |
4500 |
25 |
16 |
20 |
1390 |
18551 |
1.45E-01 |
1390 |
0.03
|
(Okabe et al. 2001Okabe, Tomonaga, N. Takeda, Y. Kamoshida, M. Shimizu, and William A. Curtin. 2001. “A 3D Shear-Lag Model Considering Micro-Damage and Statistical Strength Prediction of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Composites.” Composites Science and Technology 61(12):1773-87.) |
E-glass/ Epoxy |
0.57 |
76 |
13.0 |
1150 |
24 |
6.34 |
42 |
940 |
3956 |
1.03E+00 |
940 |
0.00
|
(Diao et al. 2014Diao, H., A. Bismarck, P. Robinson, and Michael R. Wisnom. 2014. “Production of Continuous Intermingled CF/GF Hybrid Composite via Fibre Tow Spreading Technology.” P. 8 in ECCM16 - 16TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS. Sevilla.) |
E-glass/ Epoxy |
0.38 |
72 |
14.9 |
1649 |
5 |
3.09 |
23 |
719 |
7537 |
5.13E-01 |
715 |
0.61
|
(Koyanagi et al. 2009Koyanagi, Jun, Hiroshi Hatta, Masaki Kotani, and Hiroyuki Kawada. 2009. “A Comprehensive Model for Determining Tensile Strengths of Various Unidirectional Composites.” Journal of Composite Materials 43(18):1901-14.) |
E-glass/ Vinilester |
0.10 |
72 |
16.0 |
2500 |
25 |
13 |
40 |
252 |
32732 |
5.29E-02 |
255 |
1.01
|
Additional experiments |
(Beyerlein and Phoenix 1996aBeyerlein, Irene J. and S. Leigh Phoenix. 1996a. “Statistics for the Strength and Size Effects of Microcomposites with Four Carbon Fibers in Epoxy Resin.” Composites Science and Technology 56(1):75-92.; DeMorais 2006DeMorais, A. B. 2006. “Prediction of the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composites.” Composites Science and Technology 66:2990-96.) |
Carbon AS4/ Epoxy 934 |
0.54 |
230 |
7.0 |
4040 |
10 |
11 |
48 |
1586 |
10034 |
3.43E-03 |
1605 |
1.21
|
(Beyerlein and Phoenix 1996aBeyerlein, Irene J. and S. Leigh Phoenix. 1996a. “Statistics for the Strength and Size Effects of Microcomposites with Four Carbon Fibers in Epoxy Resin.” Composites Science and Technology 56(1):75-92.; DeMorais 2006DeMorais, A. B. 2006. “Prediction of the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composites.” Composites Science and Technology 66:2990-96.) |
Carbon AS4/ Epoxy 934 |
0.60 |
230 |
7.0 |
4493 |
10 |
5 |
48 |
1792 |
13234 |
2.42E-02 |
2024 |
12.94
|
(Beyerlein and Phoenix 1996aBeyerlein, Irene J. and S. Leigh Phoenix. 1996a. “Statistics for the Strength and Size Effects of Microcomposites with Four Carbon Fibers in Epoxy Resin.” Composites Science and Technology 56(1):75-92.; DeMorais 2006DeMorais, A. B. 2006. “Prediction of the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composites.” Composites Science and Technology 66:2990-96.) |
Carbon AS4/ Epoxy 937 |
0.57 |
230 |
7.0 |
4493 |
10 |
5 |
52 |
1930 |
14120 |
3.70E-02 |
2090 |
8.28
|
(Beyerlein and Phoenix 1996aBeyerlein, Irene J. and S. Leigh Phoenix. 1996a. “Statistics for the Strength and Size Effects of Microcomposites with Four Carbon Fibers in Epoxy Resin.” Composites Science and Technology 56(1):75-92.; DeMorais 2006DeMorais, A. B. 2006. “Prediction of the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composites.” Composites Science and Technology 66:2990-96.) |
Carbon AS4/ Epoxy937 |
0.63 |
230 |
7.0 |
4493 |
10 |
5 |
52 |
2206 |
12775 |
1.90E-02 |
2027 |
8.09
|
(Beyerlein and Phoenix 1996aBeyerlein, Irene J. and S. Leigh Phoenix. 1996a. “Statistics for the Strength and Size Effects of Microcomposites with Four Carbon Fibers in Epoxy Resin.” Composites Science and Technology 56(1):75-92.; DeMorais 2006DeMorais, A. B. 2006. “Prediction of the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composites.” Composites Science and Technology 66:2990-96.) |
Carbon AS4/ Epoxy 8551.7 |
0.63 |
234 |
7.0 |
4493 |
10 |
5 |
56 |
2170 |
12936 |
2.07E-02 |
2062 |
4.97
|
(Beyerlein and Phoenix 1996aBeyerlein, Irene J. and S. Leigh Phoenix. 1996a. “Statistics for the Strength and Size Effects of Microcomposites with Four Carbon Fibers in Epoxy Resin.” Composites Science and Technology 56(1):75-92.; DeMorais 2006DeMorais, A. B. 2006. “Prediction of the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composites.” Composites Science and Technology 66:2990-96.) |
Carbon AS4/ Epoxi APC-2 |
0.58 |
234 |
7.0 |
4493 |
10 |
5 |
58 |
2060 |
14123 |
3.71E-02 |
2128 |
3.29
|
(Beyerlein and Phoenix 1996aBeyerlein, Irene J. and S. Leigh Phoenix. 1996a. “Statistics for the Strength and Size Effects of Microcomposites with Four Carbon Fibers in Epoxy Resin.” Composites Science and Technology 56(1):75-92.; DeMorais 2006DeMorais, A. B. 2006. “Prediction of the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composites.” Composites Science and Technology 66:2990-96.) |
Carbon AS4/ Epoxy APC-2 |
0.66 |
234 |
7.0 |
4493 |
10 |
5 |
58 |
2297 |
12411 |
1.56E-02 |
2042 |
11.11
|
(DeMorais 2006DeMorais, A. B. 2006. “Prediction of the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composites.” Composites Science and Technology 66:2990-96.; Fukuda and Miyazawa 1994Fukuda, Hiroshi and Tomonori Miyazawa. 1994. “Micromechanical Approach to the Tensile Strength of Unidirectional Composites.” Advanced Composite Materials 4(2):101-10.) |
Carbon T300/ Epoxi 934 |
0.60 |
232 |
7.1 |
3170 |
30 |
5.1 |
48 |
1790 |
11701 |
1.03E-02 |
1509 |
15.67
|
(DeMorais 2006DeMorais, A. B. 2006. “Prediction of the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composites.” Composites Science and Technology 66:2990-96.; Fukuda and Miyazawa 1994Fukuda, Hiroshi and Tomonori Miyazawa. 1994. “Micromechanical Approach to the Tensile Strength of Unidirectional Composites.” Advanced Composite Materials 4(2):101-10.) |
Carbon T300/ Epoxy 914 |
0.60 |
232 |
7.1 |
3170 |
30 |
5.1 |
28 |
1432 |
10696 |
5.43E-03 |
1331 |
7.03
|
(DeMorais 2006DeMorais, A. B. 2006. “Prediction of the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composites.” Composites Science and Technology 66:2990-96.; Fukuda and Miyazawa 1994Fukuda, Hiroshi and Tomonori Miyazawa. 1994. “Micromechanical Approach to the Tensile Strength of Unidirectional Composites.” Advanced Composite Materials 4(2):101-10.) |
Carbon T300/ Epoxy 3631 |
0.57 |
232 |
7.1 |
3170 |
30 |
5.1 |
52 |
1760 |
12481 |
1.62E-02 |
1566 |
11.00
|
(Na et al. 2017Na, Wonjin, Geunsung Lee, Minchang Sung, Heung Nam Han, and Woong Ryeol Yu. 2017. “Prediction of the Tensile Strength of Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Composites Considering the Interfacial Shear Strength.” Composite Structures 168:92-103.) |
Carbon T700/ Bisphenol A type Epoxy Epofix |
0.55 |
217 |
7.0 |
3927 |
10 |
12.0 |
37 |
1506 |
9196 |
1.85E-03 |
1549 |
2.84
|
(Bunsell et al. 2018Bunsell, Anthony, Larissa Gorbatikh, Hannah Morton, Soraia Pimenta, Ian Sinclair, Mark Spearing, Yentl Swolfs, and Alain Thionnet. 2018. “Benchmarking of Strength Models for Unidirectional Composites under Longitudinal Tension.” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 111(December 2017):138-50.) |
Carbon T800/ EpoxiyM21 |
0.55 |
294 |
5.0 |
3900 |
100 |
4.8 |
96 |
3070 |
23269 |
1.56E-01 |
3409 |
11.05
|
(Curtin and Takeda 1998bCurtin, William A. and N. Takeda. 1998b. “Tensile Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Composites: II. Application to Polymer Matrix Composites.” Journal of Composite Materials 32(22):2060-81.; Madhukar and Drzal 1991Madhukar, Madhu S. and Lawrence T. Drzal. 1991. “Fiber-Matrix Adhesion and Its Effect on Composite Mechanical Properties: II. Longitudinal (0°) and Transverse (90°) Tensile and Flexure Behavior of Graphite/Epoxy Composites.” Journal of Composite Materials 25(8):958-91.) |
Carbon AS4C/ Epoxy 828eponmPDA |
0.68 |
241 |
7.1 |
4298 |
12.7 |
10.7 |
45 |
2044 |
8622 |
1.18E-03 |
1973 |
3.48
|
(Chang et al. 1994Chang, Y. S., J. J. Lesko, S. W. Case, D. A. Dillard, and K. L. Reifsnider. 1994. “The Effect of Fiber-Matrix Interphase Properties on the Quasi-Static Performance of Thermoplastic Composites.” Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 7(4):311-24.; Curtin and Takeda 1998bCurtin, William A. and N. Takeda. 1998b. “Tensile Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Composites: II. Application to Polymer Matrix Composites.” Journal of Composite Materials 32(22):2060-81.) |
Carbon AS4/ Thermoplastic J2 |
0.58 |
234 |
7.0 |
4275 |
12.7 |
10.7 |
40 |
1830 |
9971 |
3.28E-03 |
1842 |
0.63
|
(Chang et al. 1994Chang, Y. S., J. J. Lesko, S. W. Case, D. A. Dillard, and K. L. Reifsnider. 1994. “The Effect of Fiber-Matrix Interphase Properties on the Quasi-Static Performance of Thermoplastic Composites.” Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 7(4):311-24.; Curtin and Takeda 1998bCurtin, William A. and N. Takeda. 1998b. “Tensile Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Composites: II. Application to Polymer Matrix Composites.” Journal of Composite Materials 32(22):2060-81.) |
Carbon AS4C/ Thermoplastic J2 |
0.54 |
241 |
7.1 |
4275 |
12.7 |
10.7 |
41 |
1640 |
10709 |
5.48E-03 |
1798 |
9.63
|
AVERAGE RELATIVE DIFFERENCE |
5.01
|
MAXIMUM RELATIVE DIFFERENCE |
15.67
|