Based on an in-depth critical review of Jean-Michel Beaudet’s recent book, Souffles d’Amazonie, which the authors believe to have all the merits for becoming a classic of Amazonian musical studies, this article provides a survey of some of the fundamental questions of South American Lowland ethnomusicology, taking as its focus Tupi-Guarani societies. Of a congenitally comparative nature, these questions are placed in dialogue with some of the important problematics in the regional ethnology, with the aim of advancing the field as a whole.