| Running injuries and associated factors in participants of ING Taipei Marathon (Chang et al. 2012)2727 Chang WL, Shih YF, Chen WY. Running injuries and associated factors in participants of ING Taipei Marathon. Phys Ther Sport. 2012;13(3):170-4
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1,004 runners in the ING Taipei International Marathon |
Questionnaire completed 3 days before the event including: personal characteristics, health status, previous race injury sites, training routine details, shoes and orthoses types used. |
Orthosis in knee and ankle was associated with increased pain rate in knee and ankle. Group members who ran the full marathon, who practiced in synthetic track had a higher incidence of pain in the ankle. |
| Neuromuscular activity of the peroneal muscle after foot orthoses therapy in runners (Baur et al. 2011)2828 Baur H, Hirschmüller A, Müller S, Mayer F. Neuromuscular activity of the peroneal muscle after foot orthoses therapy in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(8):1500-6.
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99 runners with symptoms of overuse injury (control × bracing) |
Neuromuscular activity of the peroneus longus muscle after 8 weeks of treatment with orthoses |
The activation of the peroneus longus muscle suggests a preprogrammed altered activity, which may lead to a better stability of the ankle providing a possible mode of action for the foot orthotic therapy. |
| Comparison in lower leg neuromuscular activity between runners with unilateral mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy and healthy individuals. (Baur et al. 2011)2929 Baur H, Müller S, Hirschmüller A, Cassel M, Weber J, Mayer F. Comparison in lower leg neuromuscular activity between runners with Unilateral mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy and healthy individuals. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2011;21(3):499-505.
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60 runners (30 control × 30 with Achilles tendinopathy) |
Neuromuscular activity of the leg (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and peroneus) during running. |
The tendinopathy of the Achilles does not seem to change the preprogrammed neural control, but can induce mechanical deficits of the lower limbs during weight bearing (joint stability). |
| Kinematic analysis of runners with achilles mid-portion tendinopathy (Ryan et al. 2009)3030 Ryan M, Grau S, Krauss I, Maiwald C, Taunton J, Horstmann T. Kinematic analysis of runners with achilles mid-portion tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(12):1190-5.
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48 runners men (27 with pain in Achilles tendon and 21 asymptomatic subjects - control) |
Kinematic analysis (dimensional motion system) |
Increased eversion of the subtalar joint runners with Achilles tendinopathy, which had hyperpronation during the stance phase of running. |
| Functional data analysis of running kinematics in chronic Achilles tendon injury (Donoghue et al. 2008)3131 Donoghue OA, Harrison AJ, Coffey N, Hayes K. Functional data analysis of running kinematics in chronic Achilles tendon injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(7):1323-35.
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24 runners (12 with Achilles tendinopathy × 12 without lesions in the lower limbs) |
Three-dimensional kinematic analysis (camera system) |
Subjects with Achilles tendinopathy showed increased eversion, ankle dorsiflexion and knee flexion. Using bracing was reduced dorsiflexion, but increased eversion. The study showed evidence that the variability is related to the presence of lesions in this clinical population. |
| Lower limb kinematics of subjects with chronic achilles tendon injury during running (Donoghue et al. 2008)3232 Donoghue OA, Harrison AJ, Laxton P, Jones RK. Lower limb kinematics of subjects with chronic achilles tendon injury during running. Res Sports Med. 2008;16(1):23-38.
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22 subjects runners (11 controls × 11 with calcaneus tendinopathy history) |
Three-dimensional kinematic analysis (camera system) |
The data revealed qualitative differences in the angle-time curves between calcaneus tendinopathy group and control during running with and without shoes. Subjects with tendinopathy showed higher eversion and dorsiflexion of the ankle, and lower leg abduction during the laying, compared to the control. |
| Biomechanical factors associated with tibial stress fracture in female runners (Milner et al. 2006)3333 Milner CE, Ferber R, Pollard CD, Hamill J, Davis IS. Factors associated with tibial stress fracture in female runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(2):323-8.
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40 long-distance runners (20 with a history of stress fracture of tibia × 20 without lesions in the lower limbs) |
Kinematic and kinetic analysis (cameras and force plate system) |
The tibial stress fracture history runners is associated with increased variables related to dynamic loads. |
| The relationship between the height of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and the ankle and knee injuries in professional runners (Nakhaee et al. 2008)3434 Nakhaee Z, Rahimi A, Abaee M, Rezasoltani A, Kalantari KK. The relationship between the height of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and the ankle and knee injuries in professional runners. The Foot. 2008;18(2): 84-90.
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47 men professional runners (30 control × 17 with historical damage in ankle/knee) |
Test "Navicular Drop" Emed pedograph platform system (Novel Electronics, Munich, Germany) to assess the height of the medial longitudinal arch. After this evaluation, compared individuals who have had injury or not. |
Have normal longitudinal arch, more or less can not be defined as a risk factor for injuries related to sports. |
| Relation between running injury and static lower limb alignment in recreational runners (Lun et al. 2004)3535 Lun V, Meeuwisse WH, Stergiou P, Stefanyshyn D. Relation between running injury and static lower limb alignment in recreational runners. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38(5):576-80.
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87 amateur runners healthy |
Measurement of static alignment of the lower limbs related to injuries sustained during six months of monitoring |
There is no evidence that the measures of static biomechanical alignment are related to lesions in the lower limbs runners, except patellofemoral syndrome. |
