Species |
Protozoa |
Alterations |
References |
Eupomatenoid-5 from Piper regnellii
|
Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes |
SEM: rounded and deformed cells TEM: mitochondrial swelling, kinetoplast alteration, myelin-like figures, multinucleation |
36
36. Luize PS, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Cortez DAG, Morgado-Diaz JA, De Souza W, et al. Ultrastructural alterations induced by the neolignan dihydrobenzofuranic eupomatenoid-5 on epimastigote and amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res. 2006; 100: 31-7.
|
T. cruzi amastigotes |
TEM: cytoplasmic vacuolisation, autophagic vacuoles |
Eupomatenoid-5 from Piper regnellii
|
T. cruzi epimastigotes |
FC: depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane SA: lipid peroxidation, increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, increase in H2O2 consumption |
37
37. Pelizzaro-Rocha KJ, Veiga-Santos P, Lazarin-Bidoia D, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Ximenes VF, et al. Trypanocidal action of eupomatenoid-5 is related to mitochondrion dysfunction and oxidative damage in Trypanosoma cruzi. Microbes Infect. 2011; 13: 1018-24.
|
T. cruzi trypomastigotes |
SEM: plasma membrane damage with leakage of cytoplasmic contents TEM: plasma membrane detachment, cytoplasmic vacuolisation FC: depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane SA: lipid peroxidation |
Eupomatenoid-5 from Piper regnellii
|
T. cruzi epimastigotes, trypomastigotes and amastigotes |
FM: DNA fragmentation, autophagic vacuoles FC: depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane, cell membrane disruption, increase in ROS/RNS production, phosphatidylserine exposure, decrease in cell volume SA: increase in mitochondrial O2•− production, decrease in total reduced thiol levels, lipid peroxidation |
32
32. Lazarin-Bidoia D, Desoti VC, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Nakamura CV, Silva SO. Further evidence of the trypanocidal action of eupomatenoid-5: confirmation of involvement of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria owing to a reduction in trypanothione reductase activity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013; 60: 17-28.
|
Eupomatenoid-5 from Piper regnellii
|
Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes |
TEM: mitochondrial swelling, autophagic vacuoles, vesicles located in the flagellar pocket, myelin-like figures |
38
38. Vendrametto MC, Santos AOD, Nakamura CV, Dias-Filho BP, Cortez DAG, Ueda-Nakamura T. Evaluation of antileishmanial activity of eupomatenoid-5, a compound isolated from leaves of Piper regnellii var. pallescens. Parasitol Res. 2010; 59(2): 154-8.
|
Eupomatenoid-5 from Piper regnellii
|
L. amazonensis promastigotes |
SEM: reduction and rounding of the cellular body FC: depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane, phosphatidylserine exposure, decrease in cell volume, plasma membrane disruption, G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest SA: increase in mitochondrial O2•− production, increased total ROS production, decrease in total reduced thiol levels |
39
39. Garcia FP, Lazarin-Bidoia D, Ueda-Nakamura T, Silva SO, Nakamura CV. Eupomatenoid-5 isolated from leaves of Piper regnellii induces apoptosis in Leishmania amazonensis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013: 940531.
|
Parthenolide from Tanacetum parthenium
|
T. cruzi epimastigotes |
SEM: distortion and decrease of the cell body and flagellum length TEM: mitochondrial swelling, multinuclear cells, increase of reservosomes, autophagic vacuoles, concentric structures, myelin-like figures, rearrangement of internal membranes |
40
40. Izumi E, Morello LG, Ueda-Nakamura T, Yamada-Ogatta SF, Dias-Filho BP, Cortez DAG, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi: antiprotozoal activity of parthenolide obtained from Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. (Asteraceae, Compositae) against epimastigote and amastigote forms. Exp Parasitol. 2008; 118(3): 324-30.
|
Parthenolide from Tanacetum vulgare
|
T. cruzi trypomastigotes |
SEM: rounding and shortening of the parasite, loss of integrity of the plasma membrane |
41
41. Pelizzaro-Rocha KJ, Tiuman TS, Izumi E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Nakamura CV. Synergistic effects of parthenolide and benznidazole on Trypanosoma cruzi. Phytomedicine. 2010; 18(1): 36-9.
|
Guaianolide from Tanacetum parthenium
|
T. cruzi epimastigotes |
SEM: thinning and stretching of the cell body and flagellum TEM: presence of membranes that involved organelles, myelin-like figures FC: cell volume reduction, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential |
42
42. Cogo J, Caleare AO, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Ferreira ICP, Nakamura CV. Trypanocidal activity of guaianolide obtained from Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. and its combinational effect with benznidazole. Phytomedicine. 2012; 20(1): 59-66.
|
T. cruzi trypomastigotes |
SEM: rounding and shortening of the parasite with leakage of cytoplasmic contents |
Parthenolide from Tanacetum parthenium
|
L. amazonensis promastigotes |
TEM: vesicles located in the flagellar pocket, structures similar to large lysosomes |
44
44. Tiuman TS, Ueda-Nakamura T, Cortez DA, Dias-Filho BP, Morgado-Díaz JA, Souza W, et al. Antileishmanial activity of parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Tanacetum parthenium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005; 49: 176-82.
|
Compound A and B from Porophyllum ruderale
|
L. amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes |
SEM: rounded and swollen cells TEM: mitochondrial swelling FC: decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential |
46
46. Takahashi HT, Britta EA, Longhini R, Ueda-Nakamura T, Mello JCP, Nakamura CV. Antileishmanial activity of 5-methyl-2,2':5',2 »,» ®,® §,§ , ¹,¹ ²,² ³,³ ß,ß Þ,Þ þ,þ ×,× Ú,Ú ú,ú Û,Û û,û Ù,Ù ù,ù ¨,¨ Ü,Ü ü,ü Ý,Ý ý,ý ¥,¥ ÿ,ÿ ¶,¶ -terthiophene isolated from Porophyllum ruderale is related to mitochondrial dysfunction in Leishmania amazonensis. Planta Med. 2013; 79(5): 330-3.
|
Pheophorbide A from Arrabidaea chica
|
T. cruzi trypomastigotes |
SEM: rounding and shortening of the parasite body TEM: mitochondrial swelling, autophagic vacuoles, concentric membrane structures, abnormal chromatin distribution nuclear |
47
47. Miranda N, Gerola AP, Novello CR, Ueda-Nakamura T, Silva SO, Dias-Filho BP, et al. Pheophorbide A, a compound isolated from the leaves of Arrabidaea chica, induces photodynamic inactivation of Trypanosoma cruzi. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2017; 19: 256-65.
|
T. cruzi amastigotes |
SEM: rounding of the parasite, plasma membrane damage |
Copaiba oil from Copaifera reticulata
|
L. amazonensis promastigotes |
SEM: rounded shape with two flagella, protein denaturation of the cell surface TEM: mitochondrial swelling, vesicles located in the flagellar pocket, cytoplasmic vacuolisation |
52
52. Santos AO, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Veiga-Junior VF, Nakamura CV. Copaiba oil: an alternative to development of new drugs against leishmaniasis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; 2012: 898419.
|
L. amazonensis amastigotes |
SEM: rupture of the plasma membrane with loss of their contents, protein denaturation of the cell surface TEM: mitochondrial swelling, vesicles located in the flagellar pocket, cytoplasmic vacuolisation FC: decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in permeability of the plasma membrane |
Hydroxycopalic acid from Copaifera officinalis
|
L. amazonensis promastigotes |
SEM: rounded cells, rupture of the plasma membrane with loss of the cell contents, alterations of the flagellar membrane TEM: mitochondrial damage, vesicles located in the flagellar pocket, abnormal chromatin condensation nuclear |
54
54. dos Santos AO, Izumi E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Veiga-Júnior VF, Nakamura CV. Antileishmanial activity of diterpene acids in copaiba oil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2013; 108(1): 59-64.
|
Agathic, kaurenoic and pinifolic acids from Copaifera officinalis
|
L. amazonensis amastigotes |
FC: depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in plasma membrane permeability |
54
54. dos Santos AO, Izumi E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias-Filho BP, Veiga-Júnior VF, Nakamura CV. Antileishmanial activity of diterpene acids in copaiba oil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2013; 108(1): 59-64.
|
Terpenes from Copaifera spp. |
T. cruzi epimastigotes |
TEM: mitochondrial swelling, organelle disorganisation, membranous vacuole formation, concentric membrane structures FC: depolarisation of the mitochondrial potential, increase in plasma membrane permeability AS: lipid peroxidation |
55
55. Izumi E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Veiga-Júnior VF, Pinto AC, Nakamura CV. Terpenes from Copaifera demonstrated in vitro antiparasitic and synergic activity. J Med Chem. 2012; 55(7): 2994-3001.
|
Copaiba oil from Copaifera spp. |
T. cruzi epimastigotes |
FC: depolarisation of the mitochondrial potential AS: lipid peroxidation |
56
56. Izumi E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Veiga-Júnior VF, Nakamura CV. Toxicity of oleoresins from the genus Copaifera in Trypanosoma cruzi: a comparative study. Planta Med. 2013; 79: 952-8.
|
T. cruzi amastigotes |
TEM: swelling of the kinetoplast and chromatin condensation in both the nucleus and mitochondrion, disorganisation of the membranes |