Parasite form |
Isolation method |
EV diameter (nm) |
Technique |
Reference |
Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites |
DC + sucrose gradient |
~ 50 - 100 |
TEM |
140
140. Twu O, de Miguel N, Lustig G, Stevens GC, Vashisht AA, Wohlschlegel JA, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis exosomes deliver cargo to host cells and mediate host: parasite interactions. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9(7): e1003482. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003482. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.100...
|
DC |
50 - 100 |
TEM |
148
148. Olmos-Ortiz LM, Barajas-Mendiola MA, Barrios-Rodiles M, Castellano LE, Arias-Negrete S, Avila EE, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis exosome-like vesicles modify the cytokine profile and reduce inflammation in parasite-infected mice. Parasite Immunol. 2017; 39(6): e12426. doi: 10.1111/pim.12426. https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.12426...
|
DC |
30 - 150 |
TEM |
142
142. Ong SC, Cheng WH, Ku FM, Tsai CY, Huang PJ, Lee CC, et al. Identification of endosymbiotic virus in small extracellular vesicles derived from Trichomonas vaginalis. Genes. 2022; 13: 531. doi: 10.3390/genes13030531. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13030531...
|
DC |
100 - 1000 |
TEM |
141
141. Nievas YR, Coceres VM, Midlej V, de Souza W, Benchimol M, Pereira-Neves A, et al. Membrane-shed vesicles from the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: characterization and their association with cell interaction. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2018; 75: 2211-26. doi: 10.1007/s00018-017-2726-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2726-...
|
380 / 63 |
DLS |
DC + density gradient |
108 - 146 |
DLS |
144
144. Rada P, Hrdý I, Zdrha A, Narayanasamy RK, Smutná T, Horácková J, et al. Double-stranded RNA viruses are released from Trichomonas vaginalis inside small extracellular vesicles and modulate the exosomal cargo. Front Microbiol. 2022; 13: 893692. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.893692. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.89369...
|
DC |
~ 105 |
NTA |
(46)
|
Giardia duodenalis trophozoites |
DC |
20 - 25 / 50 - 100 |
TEM |
(135)
|
22,8 / 85,2 |
DLS |
DC |
60 - 150 |
TEM |
(126)
|
150 - 350 |
NTA |
DC |
100 - ~ 200 |
TEM |
(130)
|
143,5 |
NTA |
DC |
50 - 90 / 117 - 282 |
TEM |
(128)
|
82,6 / 238,5 |
NTA |
DC |
187,6 / 67,7 |
NTA |
131
131. Gavinho B, Sabatke B, Feijoli V, Rossi IV, da Silva JM, Evans-Osses I, et al. Peptidyl arginine deiminase inhibition abolishes the production of large extracellular vesicles from Giardia intestinalis, affecting host-pathogen interactions by hindering adhesion to host cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020; 10: 417. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00417. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00417...
|
ExoEasy maxi kit (QIAGEN) |
CaCl2 treatment: 210 Bile treatment: 270 |
NTA |
137
137. Siddiq A, Dong G, Balan B, Harrison LG, Jex A, Olivier M, et al. A thermo-resistant and RNase-sensitive cargo from Giardia duodenalis extracellular vesicles modifies the behaviour of enterobacteria. J Extracell Biol. 2023; 2: e109. doi: 10.1002/jex2.109. https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.109...
|
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and/or cysts |
Total exosome isolation (Invitrogen) |
< 200 |
TEM |
157
157. Díaz-Godínez C, Ríos-Valencia DG, García-Aguirre S, Martínez-Calvillo S, Carrero JC. Immunomodulatory effect of extracellular vesicles from Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites: regulation of NETs and respiratory burst during confrontation with human neutrophils. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022; 12: 1018314. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1018314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.10183...
|
< 50 - 600 Peak: 483 |
NTA |
Total exosome isolation (Invitrogen) |
125 |
NTA |
156
156. Sharma M, Morgado P, Zhang H, Ehrenkaufer G, Manna D, Singh U. Characterization of extracellular vesicles from Entamoeba histolytica identifies roles in intercellular communication that regulates parasite growth and development. Infect Immun. 2020; 88: 00349-20. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00349-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00349-20...
|
Acanthamoeba sp. trophozoites |
DC |
PYG medium: 31,9 - 467 Glucosed medium: 33,7 - 303,2 |
TEM |
165
165. Gonçalves DS, Ferreira MS, Liedke SC, Gomes KX, de Oliveira GA, Leão PEL, et al. Extracellular vesicles and vesicle-free secretome of the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii under homeostasis and nutritional stress and their damaging potential to host cells. Virulence. 2018; 9(1): 818-36. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1451184. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2018.14...
|
PYG medium: 56,1 - 68,4 / 150,4 - 223,0 / 402,9 - 659,4 Glucosed medium: 173,2 - 234,8 / 585,1 - 746,5 |
DLS |
DC |
28°C incubation: 184,6 ± 50,80 / 50,29 ± 8,49 37°C incubation: 111,3 ± 19,8 |
DLS |
160
160. Moreira LR, Ramírez DV, Linares F, Ledezma AP, Garro AV, Osuna A, et al. Isolation of Acanthamoeba T5 from water: characterization of its pathogenic potential, including the production of extracellular vesicles. Pathogens. 2020; 9: 144. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9020144. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020144...
|
Ultrafiltration: Amicon ultracentrifugation filters (Merck Millipore) + Total exosome isolation (Invitrogen) |
Peak: 118 |
NTA |
164
164. Lin WC, Tsai CY, Huang JM, Wu SR, Chu LJ, Huang KY. Quantitative proteomic analysis and functional characterization of Acanthamoeba castellanii exosome-like vesicles. Parasit Vectors. 2019; 12: 467. doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3725-z. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3725-...
|
DC |
101 - 150 / 151 - 200 |
NTA |
163
163. Costa AO, Chagas IAR, de Menezes-Neto A, Rêgo FD, Nogueira PM, Torrecilhas AC, et al. Distinct immunomodulatory properties of extracellular vesicles released by different strains of Acanthamoeba. Cell Biol Int. 2021; 45: 1060-71. doi: 10.1002/cbin.11551. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbin.11551...
|
Naegleria fowleri trophozoites |
DC |
43,88 / 207,95 |
TEM |
169
169. Retana-Moreira L, Espinoza MFS, Camacho NC, Cornet-Gomez A, Sáenz-Arce G, Osuna A, et al. Characterization of extracellular vesicles secreted by a clinical isolate of Naegleria fowleri and identification of immunogenic components within their protein cargo. Biology. 2022; 11: 983. doi: 10.3390/biology11070983. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11070983...
|
216 ± 83 |
NTA |
227,13 ± 37,98 / 206,29 ± 37,08 / 24,24 ± 9,18 |
DLS |
Size exclusion chromatography |
22,4 - 955 |
DLS |
172
172. Lê HG, Kang JM, Võ TC, Yoo WG, Na BK. Naegleria fowleri extracellular vesicles induce proinflammatory immune responses in BV-2 microglial cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24: 13623. doi: 10.3390/ijms241713623. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713623...
|
DC |
156,8 ± 13,4 / 141 ± 8,3 |
NTA |
168
168. Lertjuthaporn S, Somkird J, Lekmanee K, Atipimonpat A, Sukapirom K, Sawasdipokin H, et al. Extracellular vesicles from Naegleria fowleri induce IL-8 response in THP-1 macrophage. Pathogens. 2022; 11: 632. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11060632. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens1106063...
|
DC + Size exclusion chromatography |
Overall average of five strains: 152,6 |
NTA |
170
170. Russell AC, Bush P, Grigorean G, Kyle DE. Characterization of the extracellular vesicles, ultrastructural morphology, and intercellular interactions of multiple clinical isolates of the brain-eating amoeba, Naegleria fowleri. Front Microbiol. 2023; 14: 1264348. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1264348. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.12643...
|