Synthesis, Characterization and Electromagnetic Properties of SnO-coated FeNi Alloy Nanocapsules

Abstract

SnO-coated FeNi alloy nanocapsules have been synthesized by an arc-discharge method. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis show that the nanocapsules have a shell/core structure with FeNi alloy nanoparticles as the core and amorphous SnO as the shell. Dielectric relaxation of SnO shell and the interfacial relaxation between SnO shell and FeNi core lead to the dual nonlinear dielectric resonance. The natural resonance in the SnO-coated FeNi nanocapsules shifts to 14.0 GHz. Reflection loss (RL) reaches -46.1 dB at 14.8 GHz for a matching thickness of 1.95 mm, while it exceeds-20 dB over the 13.6 -16.7 GHz range and it exceeds -10 dB in the whole Ku-band (12.4-18 GHz). In addition, the optimal RL values at 5.0-7.6 GHz with the absorbing thickness of 3.4-5.0 mm just exhibit a slight fluctuation.

Keywords FeNi, Nanocapsules; Complex permeability; Complex permittivity

1. Introduction

Owing to the wide applications of electromagnetic (EM) waves in the GHz frequency range for mobile phone, local area network, radar systems and so on over the past few decades, the serious problems of the EM interference and EM compatibility have become increasingly prominent in recent years^1-5. The use of microwave absorbing materials is the effective and practical solution to reduce the EM interference and EM compatibility. The microwave absorbing material is a kind of absorber that can effectively attenuate the intensity of EM waves through dielectric and magnetic losses, or can transform the EM wave energy into thermal energy^6-8. Among the candidates for EM-wave-absorbers, magnetic nanocapsules have attracted particular interest on account of the following facts: (1) the large saturation magnetization and high Snoek limit, (2) the suppression of the eddy current phenomenon, enhancing an effective incidence to EM-wave, and (3) being composites with different kinds of EM-absorber materials^9,10. Recent studies on carbon-containing magnetic nanomaterials have become more intensive, which can be used as EM interference shielding and absorption materials, due to their lower density and larger resistivity compared with those of metallic magnets^6-10. Core-shell structured nanocapsules are a special kind of nanocomposites, which are usually composed of cores and shells of nanometer size that are made of different materials⁹. Zhang and co-workers reported that carbon-coated nickel and iron nanocapsules exhibited good microwave absorption properties because of special core/shell structure^11,12. For carbon-coated iron nanocapsules, the absorption range for exceeding -10 dB is in 2-18 GHz for the absorber thickness of 1.54-7.50 mm and an optimal RL of -43.5 dB was reached at 9.6 GHz with an absorber thickness of 3.1 mm ¹². It is known that FeNi alloys as a kind of important soft-magnetic materials have been widely applied in the field of electronic devices and industry, in which the permalloys with nominal composition Ni81Fe19 (wt%) processes the highest permeability¹³. Liu et al synthesized a series of carbon-coated FeNi alloy nanocapsules and investigated the relationship between EM properties and microstructure in detail^9,13-15. The reflection loss (RL) in carbon-coated FeNi nanocapsules by arc discharging a Fe₉₀Ni₁₀ ingot exceeds -10 dB in the whole Ku-band for an absorber thickness of 2 mm ¹⁴. However, microwave absorbing materials based on carbon are unfavorable for practical application, due to the bad thermal stability. As a result of good EM-wave absorption, high-temperature steady and rich electron transport properties, the microwave absorption properties of the semiconductor-based nanocapsules, such as ZnO/SiO₂, ZnO/Ni, ZnO/Co, CuO/Cu₂O/Ni, TiO₂/Fe, SnO₂/Fe have recently aroused an increasing attention^16-21. Due to the good EM match between semiconductor shell and magnetic cores, the above mentioned nanocapsules exhibit the enhanced microwave absorption. Stannous oxide (SnO) has been recently shown as promising transparent p-type oxide semiconductors²². Wang et al introduced SnO as the shell of α-Fe nanocapsules through the arc discharge technique and investigated their EM performances in detail and reported that the RL exceeding -20 dB was obtained over 10.4-18 GHz for absorber thicknesses of 4-6.7 mm.

On the basis of high permeability of FeNi alloy and good EM match between magnetic core and semiconductor shell, the synthesis of SnO-coated FeNi alloy nanocapsules is imperative. SnO-coated FeNi nanocapsules have been prepared by the arc discharge method. SnO-coated FeNi alloy nanocapsules shows good RL in every interval in the 2-18 GHz range with different layer thickness, which enriches the family of microwave absorbing materials. RL values exceeding -10 and -20 dB in broad frequency ranges have been observed corresponding to 70% and 99% absorption, respectively. In addition, the optimal RL values at 5.0-7.6 GHz with the absorbing thickness range from 3.4 to 5.0 mm just exhibit a slight fluctuation and bandwidth(RL<-10) becomes narrow with the thickness.

2. Experimental

Arc-discharge is a powerful method for preparing nanocapsules and capsulate-nanoparticles of metals with high melting points^9-15. In this work, the SnO-coated FeNi nanocapsuels were fabricated by the arc-discharge method. Metallic powders of Fe, Ni and Sn of 99.9 % purity with the average size of 10 µm, were well mixed for preparation of a target. The mixed powders with composition (Fe₅₀Ni₅₀)₉₉Sn₁ (at. %) were compacted into a cylinder shape with diameter of 20 mm under a pressure of about 20 MPa. The compressed powders served as the anode. After the chamber was evacuated (in a vacuum of 1.0×10^-2 Pa), a mixture of argon of 1.6×10⁴ Pa and hydrogen of 0.2×10⁴ Pa was introduced into the chamber. The arc-discharge current was maintained at 100 A for 2 h to evaporate alloys sufficiently. Then the product in the form of powder was collected, after passivated for 8 h in air.

The composition and phase purity of the as-synthesized samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at 40 kV voltage and 50 mA current with Cu K_α radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images were obtained on a JEOL JEM-2010 transmission electron microscope at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. Quantitative analysis of the elements present in the as-prepared products was performed by means of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).The surface composition was analyzed by an x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrometer, using Mg K_α line(1253.6 eV) excitation (Perkin Elmer PHI 1600 ESCA system). Magnetization measurements were carried out by a vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). The SnO-coated FeNi nanocapsules/paraffin composite was prepared by uniformly mixing FeNi/SnO nanocapsules with paraffin, as described in detail elsewhere^9-15, by homogeneously mixing the nanocapsules with paraffin and pressing them into cylinder-shaped compacts. Then the compact was cut into toroidal shape with 7.00 mm outer diameter and 3.04 mm inner diameter The EM parameters for a FeNi/SnO-paraffin composite containing 40 wt.% FeNi/SnO nanocapsules are determined with the transmission and reflection coaxial line method. To ensure the measurement precision, full two-port calibration was initially performed on the test setup to remove errors caused by the directivity, source match, load match, isolation, and frequency response in both the forward and reverse measurements. In the range of 2-18 GHz, the scattering parameters (S₁₁ and S₂₁) were measured by an Agilent 8722ES vector network analyzer. The complex permeability and permittivity were determined from the scattering parameters using the Nicolson-Ross (for magnetic) and precision (for nonmagnetic) models²³.

3. Results and discussion

The XRD pattern shown in Figure 1 matches well with the cubic structure of FeNi alloy. There are no detectable peaks of metallic iron and nickel or their oxides. The result indicates the successful formation of the FeNi alloy. It should be noted that there is no evidence for the presence of crystalline SnO in the XRD pattern, indicating its small amount (less than 3% in the samples). Furthermore, since SnO is on the shell of the nanocapsules, it is also difficulty to detect its XRD pattern because of breaking down of the periodic boundary condition (translation symmetry) along radial direction. The inset of Figure 1 shows the hysteresis loop of the nanocapsules at 295 K. The saturation magnetization of the FeNi/SnO nanocapsules reaches 64.2 emu/g.

Figure 1
XRD pattern of the product. The inset is the magnetic hysteresis loop at 295 K.

In Figure 2(a), the morphology and size distribution of the FeNi/SnO nanocapsules were investigated by TEM. Most of the as-prepared nanocapsules are irregular sphere shape with the narrow distribution of diameters, ranging from 5 to 30 nm. The averaged diameter is about 23.6 nm, after averaging that of more than 200 nanocapsules. In Figure 2(b), the HRTEM image clearly shows the shell/core structure with a crystalline core and an amorphous shell. As shown in the inset of Figure 2(b), the d-spacing of 0.208 nm in the core corresponds to the lattice plane {111} of FeNi in XRD. In order to obtain more information, the FeNi/SnO nanocapsules are investigated by XPS techniques. Figure 2(c) represents the XPS spectrum of Sn 3d 5/2 with etching depths of 1 nm. Because a broad peak between 486.6 eV and 487.0 eV is consistent with the binding energy of Sn 3d 5/2 in SnO ^24,25, the shells of nanocapsules can be identified as SnO. The composition of the as-prepared FeNi/SnO nanocapsules is estimated to be 49.02:46.16:2.42 (Fe: Ni: Sn) by EDS. So the FeNi alloy core in nanocapsules is the permalloy, which has high permeability at low applied magnetic field. This difference between the composition of the starting FeNiSn ingot and the as-prepared nanocapsules can be ascribed to the formation mechanism of the nanoparticles/nanocapsules, i.e., different evaporating pressures, melting points for iron and nickel and tin atoms, during the arc-discharging process²⁴. For an evaporating pressure of 133 Pa, the corresponding evaporating temperatures are 1857 ºC for Fe and 1907 ºC for Ni and 1612 ºC for Sn. The melting points of Fe, Ni and Sn are 1536, 1453 and 232 ºC, respectively. In the evaporation process, Sn atoms evaporate first and then bump into each other. But Fe atoms and Ni atoms are easily to form alloy, due to the similar structure and atom size. When the temperature is decreased, the FeNi alloy first forms a nucleus and the Sn atoms are near them. At the end, these Sn atoms are abundant on the surfaces of the FeNi alloy nanoparticles. When the products are passivated and then exposed to air, Sn atoms are easily oxidized to amorphous SnO on the surfaces of the nanocapsules to form the core/shell structure²¹.

Figure 2
(a) TEM of SnO-coated FeNi nanocapsules and (b) HRTEM image of FeNi nanocapsules, the inset is the HRTEM image of the dotted area in (b) and (c) XPS spectrum and the corresponding fitting curves of the Sn 3d5/2 electrons on a etching depth of 1 nm.

The frequency dependency on the real part (ε') and imaginary part (ε'') of the complex permittivity (ε) for nanocapsules-paraffin composite are shown in Figure 3(a). It can be found that there exist frequency intervals in which the permittivity presents resonant characteristics. The maximum/minimum values can be found below/above the resonant frequencies in the ε' curve. Accordingly, two peaks can be also observed near the resonant frequencies on the ε'' curve. These phenomena are the typical characteristic of nonlinear resonant behaviors. The resonant frequencies of ε in the current frequency range are 6.0 and 15.8 GHz, respectively. Dong et al. reported that the plot of ε' versus ε'' would be a single semicircle, which was usually defined as the Cole-Cole semicircle²⁶. It is worthy to note that the composite present a clear segment of two semicircles in Figure 3(c), suggesting the existence of dual dielectric relaxation processes, while each semicircle corresponds to a Debye dipolar relaxation²⁶. During the activation of an EM-wave, a redistribution process of the charges occurs periodically between the FeNi cores and the SnO shells. As a result, apart from the dielectric relaxation of the SnO shells, an additional interfacial relaxation is present because a complete core/shell interface is constructed^19,21. The dual dielectric losses are therefore achieved for the FeNi/SnO nanocapsules, which are favorable for improving the microwave-absorption properties.

Figure 3
(a) Relative permittivity and (b) relative permeability of FeNi/SnO nanocapsules-paraffin composite as a function of frequency; (c) Typical Cole-Cole semicircles for the composite; (d) Values of µ''(µ')^-2f^-1 for the composite as a function of frequency.

Figure 3(b) shows the real part (µ') and imaginary part (µ'') of the relative complex permeability (µ) for which the µ' values decreases from 1.2 to 1.08 with the frequency in 2-13 GHz and exhibit an abrupt decrease from 1.08 to 1.0 at the 13-14 GHz range and decrease from 1.0 to 0.97 over 14-18 GHz. It is note worthy that the maximum value of the µ'' appearing at 14.0 GHz implies that the natural resonance occurred in the present FeNi/SnO nanocapsules, which would be significant for their use as EM-wave absorption materials in the microwave range. Compared with the bulk Fe, Ni and FeNi alloy, the natural resonance frequency of FeNi/SnO nanocapsules remarkably shift to the higher frequency, ascribed to the remarkably increase of surface anisotropic energy affected by very small size effect¹⁵. Similar phenomenon has been analyzed in detail in the previous work^7-21. The contributors to magnetic loss, such as magnetic hysteresis, domain-wall displacement, and eddy current loss, can be excluded in the present FeNi/SnO nanocapsules. The hysteresis loss is mainly caused by the time lags of the magnetization vector behind the external EM-field vector and is negligible in weak applied field¹⁷. Because the size of Ni nanocapsules is less than single magnetic domain (55 nm)²⁶, the domain-wall displacement that only occurs in multidomain magnetic materials can be excluded. If the magnetic loss results from eddy current loss, the values of µ''(µ')^-2f^-1 should be constant when frequency is varied¹⁹. We can call this the skin-effect criterion. As shown in Figure 3(d), the values markedly decrease with increasing frequency. Therefore, the magnetic loss in the present nanocapsules is mainly caused by the natural resonance.

The microwave-absorption properties of the FeNi/SnO nanocapsules have been derived by analyzing the permittivity and permeability data in terms of a model of a simple one-layer absorber backed with metal. The RL curves were calculated by means of the expression^7-21

$\begin{array}{c}\mathit{RL}=20{\log }_{10}\left(\frac{\mathit{jZ}\tanh \left(\mathit{kd}\right)-1}{\mathit{jZ}\tanh \left(\mathit{kd}\right)+1}\right),\hfill \\ \mathit{Z}=\sqrt{\frac{\mathit{\mu }}{\epsilon }},\mathit{k}=\frac{\mathit{\omega }}{\mathit{c}}\sqrt{\mathit{\mu }\epsilon },\hfill \end{array}$

Where is the angular frequency of the incident EM wave, d the thickness of the absorbing layer and c the velocity of light. The RL is given in decibels. Figure 4 shows the obtained relationship between the RL and the EM-wave frequency for the nanocapsules-paraffin samples with various thicknesses in the 2-18 GHz range. The optimal RL or the dip in RL corresponds to the occurrence of maximum absorption or minimal reflection of the microwave power for the particular thickness²⁷. BW_-10 is defined as frequency difference between points where RL value exceeds -10 dB corresponding to 70% absorption, while BW_-20 means the frequency interval where RL value exceeds -20 dB corresponding to 99% absorption. As shown in Figure 4(a), an optimal RL of -46.1 dB is observed at 14. 8 GHz for 1.95 mm thickness layer, which is thinner that the previous reported results. In Figure 4(b), it is worthy noted that BW_-20 is 3.1 GHz (13.6-16.7 GHz) for the 1.95 mm thickness and BW_-10 is 5.6 GHz (12.4-18 GHz) for the 1.95 mm thickness, which covers the whole Ku band (12.4-18 GHz). The thickness of 1.95 mm is thinner than that of Ni/ZnO and that of FeNi/C nanocapsules^9,17. The intensity and the frequency at the reflection loss minimum depend on the properties and thickness of the materials²⁷. It is worth noting that the number of dips increases with an increase in sample thickness. It can be seen that there is only one dip for 1-5 mm and dip shifts to lower frequency with increasing thickness of the layer, while two complete dips can be observed for 5-10 mm, respectively. The occurrence of the dips is found to be due to a successive odd number multiple of the quarter wavelength (λ) thickness of the material or d=nλ/4 (n=1, 3)²⁷.

Figure 4
RL of FeNi/SnO nanocapsules-paraffin composites as a function of thickness and frequency: (a) three dimensional representation with the thickness of 1.0-10.0 mm and (b) two dimensional representation with the thickness of 1.5-2.4 mm and (c) two dimensional representation with the thickness of 3.4-5.0 mm.

As shown in Figure 4(c) and Table 1, the optimal RL value at 5.0-7.6 GHz with the absorbing thickness of 3.4-5.0 mm just exhibits a slight fluctuation and BW_-10 becomes narrow with the thickness. For the nanocapsules with core/shell microstructure, the optimal RL values are sensitive with the absorbing thickness^7-21. In our FeNi/SnO systems, the optimal RL values with different absorbing thickness can keep almost constant in a wide frequency range, which is beneficial for the preparation of EM absorption devices.

Table 1
EM-wave absorption properties of nanocapsules with different thickness.

d(mm)	Optimal RL value (dB)	f(GHz) (Optimal RL)	BW-10
3.4	-20.1	7.6	2.4
3.6	-20.4	7.0	2.3
3.8	-21.3	6.6	2.1
4.0	-21	6.2	2.0
4.2	-21.2	6.0	1.9
4.4	-20.7	5.6	1.8
4.6	-20.7	5.4	1.7
4.8	-20.3	5.2	1.6
5.0	-20.1	5.0	1.5

4. Conclusion

The FeNi/SnO nancapsules with amorphous SnO as shells and FeNi alloy nanoparticles as cores have been prepared by arc-discharge technique. The saturation magnetization of the FeNi/SnO nanocapsules reaches 64.2 emu/g at 295 K. Dielectric relaxation of SnO shell and the interfacial relaxation between SnO shell and FeNi core lead to the dual nonlinear dielectric resonance. The natural resonance in the SnO-coated FeNi nanocapsules shifts to 14.0 GHz. For 1.95 mm thickness layer, an optimal RL of -46.1 dB is observed at 14. 8 GHz, and BW_-20 is 3.1 GHz (13.6-16.7 GHz), and BW_-10 is 5.6 GHz (12.4-18 GHz), which contains the whole Ku band. With the absorbing thickness of 3.4-5.0 mm, the optimal RL value at 5.0-7.6 GHz just exhibits a slight fluctuation and BW_-10 becomes narrow with the thickness.

5. Acknowledgement

This study has been supported by the opening foundation of Co-operative Innovation Research Center for Weak Signal-Detecting Materials and Devices Integration, Anhui University (No. 01001795-2014-02).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  10 Oct 2016
• Date of issue
  Nov-Dec 2016

History

• Received
  25 Nov 2015
• Reviewed
  13 July 2016
• Accepted
  18 Sept 2016