Related to reducing resource consumption:
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Ecodesign or Design for Environment |
8
8 Ashby MF. Materials and the Environment - Eco-Informed Material Choice. United Kingdom: Elsevier; 2009.
,
13
13 Pigosso DC. Ecodesign maturity model: a framework to support companies in the selection and implementation of ecodesign practices. [Thesis]. São Carlos: Universidade de São Paulo; 2012. http://tese_DanielaPigosso_final.pdf http://tese_DanielaPigosso_final.pdf...
14 Embraer. Sustainability at Embraer [Internet]. São José dos Campos: EMBRAER [cited 2014 Feb 19]. Available from: http://www.embraer.com.br/Documents/sustentabilidade-eng.pdf http://www.embraer.com.br/Documents/sust...
15 Airbus Group. Design for Environment – Eco efficiency and sustainability – G6 – Issue 1 [Internet]. Available from: [cited 2014 Feb 18]. http://www.airbus.com/company/environment/documentation/ http://www.airbus.com/company/environmen...
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16
16 The Boeing Company. 2013 Environment Report – Building a Better Planet [Internet]. [cited 2014 Dec 14]. Available from: http://www.boeing.com/aboutus/environment/environment_report_13/2013_environment_report.pdf http://www.boeing.com/aboutus/environmen...
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-Dematerialize products and components |
- Reduce amount of materials in the product (reduce material types, thickness of components, integrate functions, combine properties) |
- Reduce materials and energy necessary to use, manufacture, maintain the product |
- Select local materials |
- Select materials which low energy consumption for primary production |
Design for Manufacturing and Assembly |
21
21 Bralla JG. Design for excellence. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996.
,
26
26 Tseng ML. Modeling sustainable production indicators with linguistic preferences. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2013;40:46-56. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.11.019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.1...
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46
46 Edwards K. Towards more strategic product design for manufacture and assembly: priorities for concurrent engineering. Materials and Design. 2002; 23(7): 651-656.
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- Select materials which low CO2 footprint for primary production |
- Select materials which low water consumption for primary production |
- Reduce energy for transportation and storage of materials |
- Optimize logistics by supplier chain engagement with environmental strategy |
- Minimize production phases |
Lean Manufacturing |
22
22 Womack JP, Jones DT. Lean Thinking: Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation. New York: Free Press, Simon & Schuster; 1996.
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- Select materials to best suit each processing operation |
- Minimize, reuse and recycle production scrap and residues |
- Avoid Packing during product production |
- Reduce energy for production process and select local energy sources |
- Optimize energy use in the production buildings |
- Use recycled processing materials |
- Reduce use and quantities of processing materials and consumables |
- Use processing and consumable materials from renewable sources |
- Remove process waste related to: |
- Defects: that produces scraps |
- Over production: that produces scraps and increase the inventories; |
- Inventories: that produces scraps and consumes stock area and energy; |
- Over processing: that consumes more materials and energy |
- Transport: that consumes more energy |
- Waiting: that produces intermediate stocks and use area, energy and may produce scraps |
- Remove or minimize processing activities required by the actual technological level but that do not add value from the customer point of view and consumes more materials and energy. |
- Reduce energy for product transportation and storage |
- Minimize the quantity of material in product packing |
- Optimize materials and energy consumption during the product usage and maintenance |
Related to reduction of environmental impacts:
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- Avoid using toxic materials in all product life phases |
- Avoid materials that cause depletion of ozone layer and/or global warming |
- Avoid materials with problematic origin (such as deforestation wood) |
- Use recycled, renewable and/or bio-compatible materials |
- Use raw-materials produced from renewable and environmentally compatible energy resources |
- Transport raw-materials to the use point using renewable and bio-compatible energy |
- Extend the product lifespan: |
- Design to improve the reliability, durability and functionality. |
- Use well tried and tested materials for a product with high level of reliability |
- Facilitate upgrading, adaptability, maintenance, repair, reuse, remanufacturing |
- Extending the lifespan materials: |
- Select materials with efficient recycling technologies |
- Facilitate material recycling |
- Facilitate the product end-of-life collection and transportation |
- Minimize different incompatible materials and avoid inseparable composite materials |
- If fasteners cannot be eliminated, minimize and standardize them. |
- Avoid pigments, additives, materials with unknown composition and substances that interfere with the recycling process |
- Avoid processing materials that cause depletion of ozone layer and/or global warming |
- Avoid production of hazardous waste in the process stages |
- Use renewable and bio-compatible energy to manufacture the product |
- Eliminate the source of environmental issues instead of setting up end of pipes treatments in the manufacturing |
- Product delivery using renewable and bio-compatible energy |
- Avoid toxic materials for use, repair and maintain the product |
- Avoid materials that need hazardous waste disposal |
- Ensure easy removal of hazardous material for product disposal |
- Reuse, re-engineer, recycle rather than landfill or burn for heat recovery |