Ti-containing High-Entropy Alloys for Aeroengine Turbine Applications

Canumalla, R.; Jayaraman, T.V.

doi:10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2022-0213

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Articles • Mat. Res. 26 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2022-0213 copy

Ti-containing High-Entropy Alloys for Aeroengine Turbine Applications

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Sustained research in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) has presented opportunities for relatively lighter alloys, specifically the Ti-containing HEAs, having an excellent combination of properties, and a great potential to replace heavier superalloys. We adopted a novel data-driven methodology to sort and select Ti-containing HEAs from the literature for their potential applications in aeroengine turbines by applying multiple-attribute decision-making (MADM). The ranks of the alloys evaluated by diverse MADMs were consistent. The data-driven methodology identified the following top five Ti-containing HEAs: ONS-BCC-Ti17.8 (Al_20.4-Mo_10.5-Nb_22.4-Ta_10.1-Ti_17.8-Zr_18.8), EF-BCC-Cr20-Ti20 (Ti₂₀-Zr₂₀-Hf₂₀-Nb₂₀-Cr₂₀), ONS-BCC-Ti27.9 (Al_11.3-Nb_22.3-Ta_13.1-Ti_27.9-V_4.5-Zr_20.9), ONS-BCC-Ti27.7 (Al_5.2-Nb_23.4-Ta_13.2-Ti_27.7-V_4.3-Zr_26.2), and ONS-BCC-Ti20 (Nb₂₀-Cr₂₀-Mo₁₀-Ta₁₀-Ti₂₀-Zr₂₀); the methodology provides directives for further development of the identified Ti-containing HEAs for potential replacement of legacy superalloys in aeroengine turbines. The top-ranked alloy (Al_20.4-Mo_10.5-Nb_22.4-Ta_10.1-Ti_17.8-Zr_18.8) is lighter than the current industry benchmark, Inconel 718, by ~13%. All the top five Ti-containing HEAs have configurational entropy greater than ~13.3 J/mol K and body-center cubic crystal structure. The potency of the methodology could further be tapped by choosing appropriate weights of the properties for specific aeroengine turbine applications.

Keywords:
High-entropy alloys; aeroengine; turbines; multiple-attribute decision making

Sl#	Alloy chemistry in at.%	Processing Step 1	Processing Step 2	Microstructure	Alloy designation	Ref.
1	Ni_47.9-Al_10.2-Co_16.9-Cr_7.4-Fe_8.9-Mo_0.9-Nb_1.2-W_0.4-C_0.4-Ti_5.8	Vac. arc melting followed by DS to produce columnar microstructure	Solution Treated (ST) at 1210°C/10h to Homogenize; Aging at 800°C/20h	γ +γ' - L₁₂ -Ni₃(Ti,Al) (69% 290nm avg. size)	TKT-HESA1-FCC-Ti5.8	Gaber¹⁵15 Gaber KW. The design and characterization of HEA for high-temperature applications. New Mexico: New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; 2020., Tsao et al.¹⁶16 Tsao TK, Yeh AC, Kuo CM, Kakehi K, Murakami H, Yeh JW, et al. The high temperature tensile and creep behaviors of high entropy superalloy. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):12658.
2	Al_6.25-C₁-Co₁₅-Cr₁₃-Fe_4.5-Mo_1.75-Nb_0.6-Ni₄₈-V₅-Ti₅	Vac. arc melting (5 times) and suction casting	ST 1175°C/2h-850°C/8h-650°C/8h-Water Quenched (WQ)	60% vol. fraction of γ' - L₁₂ ; 450nm sized γ'	KWG-HESA2-FCC-Ti5	Gaber¹⁵15 Gaber KW. The design and characterization of HEA for high-temperature applications. New Mexico: New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; 2020.
3	Al₁₀-Co₂₅-Cr₈-Fe₁₅-Ni₃₆-Ti₆	Vac. induction melted and solidified directionally	Homogenized at 1220°C/20h/Furnace Cooled (FC)-900°C/5h/Air Cooled (AC)	L₁₂ γ' Ni₃ (Ti,Al) (45% Vf/450nm) in γ FCC solid sol. & B2/NiAl (needle like -up to 50μm long) (< 5% V_f) precipitates	HMD-HESA3-FCC-Ti6-5H	Daoud et al.¹⁷17 Daoud HM, Manzoni AM, Wanderka N, Glatzel U. High-temperature tensile strength of Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 compositionally complex alloy (high entropy alloy). J Mater. 2015;67:2271-7.
4	Al₁₀-Co₂₅-Cr₈-Fe₁₅-Ni₃₆-Ti₆	Vac. induction melted and solidified directionally	Homogenized at 1220°C/20h/FC-900°C/50h/AC	L₁₂ γ'-Ni₃(Ti,Al)(46% Vf/460nm) in γ FCC solid sol. & B2/NiAl (needle like, up to 50μm long) (<5% V_f) ppts	HMD-HESA3-FCC-Ti6-50H	Daoud et al.¹⁷17 Daoud HM, Manzoni AM, Wanderka N, Glatzel U. High-temperature tensile strength of Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 compositionally complex alloy (high entropy alloy). J Mater. 2015;67:2271-7.
5	Al_20.4-Mo_10.5-Nb_22.4-Ta_10.1-Ti_17.8-Zr_18.8	Vac. arc melting-remelted 5 times	AC, Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) at 1400°C/207 MPa/2h, 1400°C/24 in Ar	BCC1+BCC2; 75 μm avg. grain size; nanolamellar structures of the two phases	ONS-BCC-Ti17.8	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
6	Al_21.9-Nb₃₂-Ta₉-Ti_26.7-Zr_10.3	Vac. arc melting-remelted 5 times	AC, HIP at 1400°C/207 MPa/2h, 1400°C/24h in Ar	BCC; 2000 μm avg. grain size; nanophases	ONS-BCC-Ti26.7	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
7	Al_7.9-Hf_12.8-Nb₂₃-Ta_16.8-Ti_18.9-Zr_20.6	Vac. arc melting-remelted 5 times	AC, HIP at 1200°C/207 MPa/2h, 1200°C/24h in Ar	BCC; 140 μm avg. grain size; nanophases	ONS-BCC-Ti18.9	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
8	Al_5.7-Nb_23.5-Ta_17.6-Ti_27.2-Zr₂₆	Vac. arc melting-remelted 5 times	AC, HIP at 1200°C/207 MPa/2h, 1200°C/24h in Ar	BCC1+BCC2; 200 μm avg. grain size; nanolamellar structures of the two phases	ONS-BCC-Ti27.2	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
9	Al_5.2-Nb_23.4-Ta_13.2-Ti_27.7-V_4.3-Zr_26.2	Vac. arc melting-remelted 5 times	AC, HIP at 1200°C/207 MPa/2h, 1200°C/24h in Ar	BCC; 180 μm avg. grain size; nanophases	ONS-BCC-Ti27.7	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
10	Al_11.3-Nb_22.3-Ta_13.1-Ti_27.9-V_4.5-Zr_20.9	Vac. arc melting-remelted 5 times	AC, HIP at 1200°C/207 MPa/2h, 1200°C/24h in Ar	BCC1+BCC2; 100 μm avg. grain size; nanolamellar structures of the two phases	ONS-BCC-Ti27.9	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
11	Al_26.6-Nb_23.8-Ti_25.1-V_24.5	Vac. arc melting - remelting 5 times - and casting	Homogenized at 1200°C/24h	BCC SS (300 to 400 μm grain size)	NDS-BCC-Ti25.1	Stepanov et al.²⁰20 Stepanov ND, Shaysultanov DG, Salishchev GA, Tikhonovsky MA. Structure and mechanical properties of a lightweight AlNbTiV high entropy alloy. Mater Lett. 2015;142:153-5.
12	Nb₂₀-Cr₂₀-Mo₁₀-Ta₁₀-Ti₂₀-Zr₂₀	Vac. arc melting and re-melted 5 times and casting	AC, HIP at 1450°C/207 MPa/3h	BCC1 (67% V_f) +BCC2 (16% V_f)+Laves (FCC) (17% V_f)	ONS-BCC-Ti20	Senkov and Woodward²¹21 Senkov ON, Woodward CF. Microstructure and properties of a refractory NbCrMo0.5Ta0.5TiZr. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;529:311-20.
13	Nb_28.3-Ti_24.5-V₂₃-Zr_24.2	Vac. arc melting and re-melted 5 times and casting	AC, HIP at 1200°C/207 MPa/2h, 1200°C/24h	BCC+submicron ppts	DBM-BCC-Ti24.5	Senkov et al.²²22 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system: microstructure and phase analysis. Acta Mater. 2013;61(5):1545-57.^,²³23 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Miracle DB, Woodward C. Mechanical properties of low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;565:51-62.
14	Nb_22.6-Ti_19.4-V_37.2-Zr_20.8	Vac. Arc Melting and re-melted 5 times and casting	AC, HIP at 1200°C/207 MPa/2h, 1200°C/24h	BCC1+BCC2+BCC3	DBM-BCC-Ti19.4	Senkov et al.²²22 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system: microstructure and phase analysis. Acta Mater. 2013;61(5):1545-57.^,²³23 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Miracle DB, Woodward C. Mechanical properties of low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;565:51-62.
15	Cr_24.6-Nb_26.7-Ti_23.9-Zr_24.8	Vac. arc melting and re-melted 5 times and casting	AC, HIP at 1200°C/207 MPa/2h, 1200°C/24h	BCC+Laves (ordered FCC)	DBM-BCC-Ti23.9	Senkov et al.²²22 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system: microstructure and phase analysis. Acta Mater. 2013;61(5):1545-57.^,²³23 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Miracle DB, Woodward C. Mechanical properties of low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;565:51-62.
16	Cr_20.2-Nb₂₀-Ti_19.9-V_19.6-Zr_20.3	Vac. arc melting and re-melted 5 times and casting	AC, HIP at 1200°C/207 MPa/2h, 1200°C/24h	BCC+Laves (ordered FCC)	DBM-BCC-Ti19.9	Senkov et al.²²22 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system: microstructure and phase analysis. Acta Mater. 2013;61(5):1545-57.^,²³23 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Miracle DB, Woodward C. Mechanical properties of low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;565:51-62.
17	Hf₂₀-Mo₂₀-Nb₂₀-Ti₂₀-Zr₂₀	Vac. arc melting and re-melted 5 times and casting	AC, Homogenized at 1100°C/10h/SC	BCC (dendritic)-no ordered phases	NNG-BCC-Ti20	Guo et al.²⁴24 Guo NN, Wang L, Luo LS, Li XZ, Su YQ, Guo JJ, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of refractory MoNbHfZrTi high entropy alloy. Mater Des. 2015;81:87-94.
18	Ta_19.68-Nb_18.93-Hf_20.46-Zr_21.23-Ti_19.7	Vac. arc melting and casting	AC, HIP at 1200°C/207 MPa/2h, 1200°C/24h (only homogenized)	BCC (dendritic and nonuniform); equiaxed grains about 100μm bottom to 200 μm at the top	ONS-BCC-Ti19.7	Senkov et al.²⁵25 Senkov ON, Scott JM, Senkova SV, Meisenkothen F, Miracle DB, Woodward CF. Microstructure and elevated temperature properties of a refractory TaNbHfZrTi alloy. J Mater Sci. 2012;47(9):4062-74.
19	Ti₂₀-Zr₂₀-Hf₂₀-Nb₂₀-V₂₀	Vac. induction melting and cast	As-Cast	BCC+U (unknown intermetallic phase)	EF-BCC-V20-Ti20	Fazakas et al.²⁶26 Fazakas É, Zadorozhnyy V, Varga LK, Inoue A, Louzguine-Luzgin DV, Tian F, et al. Experimental and theoretical study of Ti20Zr20Hf20Nb20X20 (X 1/4 V or Cr) refractory high entropy alloys. Int J Refract Hard Met. 2014;47:131-8.
20	Ti₂₀-Zr₂₀-Hf₂₀-Nb₂₀-Cr₂₀	Vac. induction melting and cast	As-Cast	BCC+Laves (L1+L2)	EF-BCC-Cr20-Ti20	Fazakas et al.²⁶26 Fazakas É, Zadorozhnyy V, Varga LK, Inoue A, Louzguine-Luzgin DV, Tian F, et al. Experimental and theoretical study of Ti20Zr20Hf20Nb20X20 (X 1/4 V or Cr) refractory high entropy alloys. Int J Refract Hard Met. 2014;47:131-8.

Alloy designation	ΔS_config/R (mol^-1)	Density (ρ) (g/cm³)	0.2% YS-RT (MPa)	0.2% YS-800 °C (MPa)	Test type	Ref.
TKT-HESA1-FCC-Ti5.8	1.60	7.44	875	800	Tensile	Gaber¹⁵15 Gaber KW. The design and characterization of HEA for high-temperature applications. New Mexico: New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; 2020., Tsao et al.¹⁶16 Tsao TK, Yeh AC, Kuo CM, Kakehi K, Murakami H, Yeh JW, et al. The high temperature tensile and creep behaviors of high entropy superalloy. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):12658.
KWG-HESA2-FCC-Ti5	1.66	7.60	1000	700	Compressive	Gaber¹⁵15 Gaber KW. The design and characterization of HEA for high-temperature applications. New Mexico: New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; 2020.
HMD-HESA3-FCC-Ti6-5H	1.60	7.38	568	535	Tensile	Daoud et al.¹⁷17 Daoud HM, Manzoni AM, Wanderka N, Glatzel U. High-temperature tensile strength of Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 compositionally complex alloy (high entropy alloy). J Mater. 2015;67:2271-7.
HMD-HESA3-FCC-Ti6-50H	1.60	7.38	596	581	Tensile	Daoud et al.¹⁷17 Daoud HM, Manzoni AM, Wanderka N, Glatzel U. High-temperature tensile strength of Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 compositionally complex alloy (high entropy alloy). J Mater. 2015;67:2271-7.
ONS-BCC-Ti17.8	1.75	7.21	2000	1597	Compressive	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
ONS-BCC-Ti26.7	1.50	6.74	1280	728	Compressive	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
ONS-BCC-Ti18.9	1.74	8.86	1841	796	Compressive	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
ONS-BCC-Ti27.2	1.51	7.91	1965	362	Compressive	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
ONS-BCC-Ti27.7	1.60	7.49	1965	678	Compressive	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
ONS-BCC-Ti27.9	1.67	7.27	2035	796	Compressive	Senkov et al.¹⁸18 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C. Effect of aluminum on the microstructure and properties of two refractory high entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2014;68:214-28.^,¹⁹19 Senkov ON, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Microstructure and properties of aluminum-contaning refractory high entropy alloys. J Mater. 2014;66(10):2030-42.
NDS-BCC-Ti25.1	1.39	5.46	1020	685	Compressive	Stepanov et al.²⁰20 Stepanov ND, Shaysultanov DG, Salishchev GA, Tikhonovsky MA. Structure and mechanical properties of a lightweight AlNbTiV high entropy alloy. Mater Lett. 2015;142:153-5.
ONS-BCC-Ti20	1.76	8.19	1595	983	Compressive	Senkov and Woodward²¹21 Senkov ON, Woodward CF. Microstructure and properties of a refractory NbCrMo0.5Ta0.5TiZr. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;529:311-20.
DBM-BCC-Ti24.5	1.38	6.50	1105	187	Compressive	Senkov et al.²²22 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system: microstructure and phase analysis. Acta Mater. 2013;61(5):1545-57.^,²³23 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Miracle DB, Woodward C. Mechanical properties of low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;565:51-62.
DBM-BCC-Ti19.4	1.35	6.44	918	240	Compressive	Senkov et al.²²22 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system: microstructure and phase analysis. Acta Mater. 2013;61(5):1545-57.^,²³23 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Miracle DB, Woodward C. Mechanical properties of low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;565:51-62.
DBM-BCC-Ti23.9	1.39	6.66	1260	300	Compressive	Senkov et al.²²22 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system: microstructure and phase analysis. Acta Mater. 2013;61(5):1545-57.^,²³23 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Miracle DB, Woodward C. Mechanical properties of low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;565:51-62.
DBM-BCC-Ti19.9	1.61	6.53	1298	615	Compressive	Senkov et al.²²22 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Woodward C, Miracle DB. Low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system: microstructure and phase analysis. Acta Mater. 2013;61(5):1545-57.^,²³23 Senkov ON, Senkova SV, Miracle DB, Woodward C. Mechanical properties of low-density refractory multi-principal element alloys of CrNbTiVZr system. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;565:51-62.
NNG-BCC-Ti20	1.61	8.62	1575	825	Compressive	Guo et al.²⁴24 Guo NN, Wang L, Luo LS, Li XZ, Su YQ, Guo JJ, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of refractory MoNbHfZrTi high entropy alloy. Mater Des. 2015;81:87-94.
ONS-BCC-Ti19.7	1.61	9.79	929	535	Compressive	Senkov et al.²⁵25 Senkov ON, Scott JM, Senkova SV, Meisenkothen F, Miracle DB, Woodward CF. Microstructure and elevated temperature properties of a refractory TaNbHfZrTi alloy. J Mater Sci. 2012;47(9):4062-74.
EF-BCC-V20-Ti20	1.61	8.00	1170	1148	Compressive	Fazakas et al.²⁶26 Fazakas É, Zadorozhnyy V, Varga LK, Inoue A, Louzguine-Luzgin DV, Tian F, et al. Experimental and theoretical study of Ti20Zr20Hf20Nb20X20 (X 1/4 V or Cr) refractory high entropy alloys. Int J Refract Hard Met. 2014;47:131-8.
EF-BCC-Cr20-Ti20	1.61	8.00	1375	1325	Compressive	Fazakas et al.²⁶26 Fazakas É, Zadorozhnyy V, Varga LK, Inoue A, Louzguine-Luzgin DV, Tian F, et al. Experimental and theoretical study of Ti20Zr20Hf20Nb20X20 (X 1/4 V or Cr) refractory high entropy alloys. Int J Refract Hard Met. 2014;47:131-8.

Attribute	Minimum	Maximum	Range	Mean±stdev
ΔS_config/R (mol^-1)	1.35	1.76	0.41	1.58±0.12
ρ (g/cm³)	5.46	9.79	4.33	7.47±0.98
0.2% YS-RT (MPa)	568	2035	1467	1319±464
0.2% YS-800 °C (MPa)	187	1597	1410	721±351

	SAW	SMART	MEW	TOPSIS	WEDBA	MOORA	OCRA	VIKOR	ARAS
SMART	0.941
MEW	0.872	0.741
TOPSIS	0.950	0.844	0.923
WEDBA	0.877	0.965	0.618	0.770
MOORA	0.985	0.916	0.907	0.974	0.845
OCRA	0.877	0.728	0.965	0.956	0.617	0.919
VIKOR	0.941	1.000	0.741	0.844	0.965	0.916	0.728
ARAS	0.979	0.910	0.920	0.973	0.836	0.995	0.929	0.910
ROVM	0.941	1.000	0.741	0.844	0.965	0.916	0.728	1.000	0.910

	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC5	PC6	PC7	PC8	PC9	PC10
Eigenvalue	8.9787	0.8556	0.0752	0.0357	0.0232	0.0156	0.0119	0.0030	0.0000	0.0000
Proportion	0.898	0.086	0.008	0.004	0.002	0.002	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000
Cumulative	0.898	0.984	0.991	0.995	0.997	0.999	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000

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