Fig. 1
Ventral view of adult males, evidencing the testes and the seminal vesicle. a, b. Aspidoras fuscoguttatus; c, d. Corydoras julii. Arrows point to the seminal vesicles in different positions, being lateral to the testes in A. fuscoguttatus and ventral in C. julii. Asterisk: testis.
Fig. 2
Ventral view of adult males from Lineage 1, showing the genital papila. a. Corydoras fowleri; b. C. narcisus; c. C. serratus; d. Corydoras aff. areio; e. Corydoras sp. C53 luminoso; f. Corydoras maculifer. Arrows point to the genital papilla, evidencing elongated tubular shape. g, h. Longitudinal sections of the genital papilla in C. maculifer, showing the histology of the organ. le: lumen epithelium; t: connective tissue; arrow head: epithelium of the papilla; asterisk: lumen. Staining: Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Fig. 3
Ventral view of adult males from Lineage 2, showing the genital papilla. a. Aspidoras poecillus; c. A. fuscoguttatus; e. Aspidoras sp. LBP 15850; g. Aspidoras sp. LBP 15714; h. A. taurus. Arrows point to the genital papilla, evidencing lanceolate shape. Longitudinal sections of the genital papilla, exhibiting the histology of the organ. b. A. poecilus, d. A. fuscoguttatus; f. Aspidoras sp. LBP 15850. le: lumen epithelium; t: connective tissue; arrow head: epithelium of the papilla; asterisk: lumen. Staining: b. Toluidine Blue; d. Periodic acid Schiff; f. Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Fig. 4
Ventral view of adult males from Lineage 3, showing the genital papilla. a. Scleromystax barbatus; c. S. kronei; e. S. macropterus; g. Scleromystax prionotos. Arrows point to the genital papilla, evidencing lanceolate shape in S. barbatus and S. kronei, and tubular shape in S. macropterus and S. prionotos. Longitudinal sections of the genital papilla, exhibiting the histology of the organ. b. S. barbatus; d. S. kronei; f. S. macropterus. le: lumen epithelium; t: connective tissue; arrow head: epithelium of the papilla; asterisk: lumen. Staining: Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Fig. 5
Ventral view of adult males from Lineage 4, showing the genital papilla. a. Corydoras hastatus; c. C. guapore. Arrows point to the genital papilla, evidencing tubular shape. Longitudinal sections of the genital papilla, exhibiting the histology of the organ. b. C. hastatus; d. C. guapore. le: lumen epithelium; t: connective tissue; arrow head: epithelium of the papilla; asterisk: lumen. Staining: b. Toluidine Blue; d. Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Fig. 6
Ventral view of adult males from Lineage 6, showing the genital papilla. a. Corydoras ehrhardti; c. C. nattereri; e. C. flaveolus; g. Corydoras sp. Arrows point to the genital papilla, evidencing lanceolate shape in C. flaveolus and elongated tubular shape in C. ehrhardti, C. nattereri and Corydoras sp. Longitudinal sections of the genital papilla, exhibiting the histology of the organ. b. C. ehrhardti; d. C. nattereri; f. C. flaveolus; h. Corydoras sp. le: lumen epithelium; t: connective tissue; arrow head: epithelium of the papilla; asterisk: lumen. Staining: b, f. Toluidine Blue; d, h. Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Fig. 7
Ventral view of adult male of C. aeneus from Lineage 7, showing the genital papilla. a. Arrow points to genital papilla, evidencing lanceolate shape. b. Longitudinal sections of the genital papilla, exhibiting the histology of the organ. le: lumen epithelium; t: connective tissue; arrow head: epithelium of the papilla; asterisk: lumen. Staining: Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Fig. 8
Ventral view of adult males from Lineage 8, showing the genital papilla. a. Corydoras latus; c. C. seussi. Arrows point to the genital papilla, evidencing tubular shape. b. Longitudinal sections of the genital papilla in C. latus, exhibiting the histology of the organ. t: connective tissue; arrow head: epithelium of the papilla. Staining: Toluidine Blue.
Fig. 9
Ventral view of adult males from Lineage 9, showing the genital papilla. a. Corydoras duplicareus; b. C. cf. polystictus; c. C. julii; d. C.
melini. Arrows point to the genital papilla, evidencing tubular shape. e, f. Longitudinal sections of the genital papilla in C. melini, exhibiting the histology of the organ. le: lumen epithelium; t: connective tissue; arrow head: epithelium of the papilla; asterisk: lumen. Staining: Toluidine Blue.
Fig. 10
Photomicrographs of the male reproductive system in species from Lineage 1, showing anastomosing seminiferous tubules (st), covered by germinal epithelium containing cysts with germinal cells. a, b. Corydoras fowleri; c, d. C. narcissus; e, f. C. serratus; g, h. C. aff. areio. Presence also of clusters of spermatids (t) on the lumen (lu). g: spermatogonia, sd: spermatic ducts, asterisk: acidophilic secretion, arrow: spermatozoa; arrow head: tunica albuginea. Staining: Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Fig. 11
Photomicrographs of the male reproductive system in other species from Lineage 1, showing anastomosing seminiferous tubules (st), covered by germinal epithelium containing cysts with germinal cells. a, b. Corydoras sp. C53 luminoso; c, d. C. maculifer. Presence also of clusters of spermatids (t) on the lumen (lu). g: spermatogonia, asterisk: acidophilic secretion; arrow: spermatozoa; arrow head: tunica albuginea. Staining: Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Fig. 12
Photomicrographs of the male reproductive system in species from Lineage 2, showing anastomosing seminiferous tubules (st), covered by germinal epithelium. a, b. Aspidoras poecillus; c, d. A. fuscoguttatus; e. Aspidoras sp. LBP 15850; f. Aspidoras sp. LBP 15714; g, h. A. taurus. Germinal epithelium containing cysts with germinal cells under development until meiosis. Presence on the tubular lumen (lu) of clusters of spermatids (t) mixed with recently formed spermatozoa, characterizing semicystic spermatogenesis. b, c, f. Secretory tubules of the seminal vesicle (sv) with lining epithelium (le), varying from simple cubic to simple squamous, releasing positive PAS secretion. h. Region of spermatic ducts (sd). g: spermatogonia; asterisk: acidophilic secretion; arrow: spermatozoa; arrow head: tunica albuginea. Staining: a, e, f-h. Hematoxylin and Eosin; b. Toluidine Blue; c, d. Periodic Acid Schiff.
Fig. 13
Photomicrographs of the male reproductive system in species from Lineage 3, showing anastomosing seminiferous tubules (st), covered by germinal epithelium. a, b. Scleromystax barbatus; c, d. S. kronei; e. S. macropterus; f. S. prionotos. Germinal epithelium containing cysts with germinal cells under development until meiosis. Presence on the tubular lumen (lu) of clusters of spermatids (t) mixed with recently formed spermatozoa, characterizing semicystic spermatogenesis. b. Secretory tubules of the seminal vesicle with lining epithelium (le), varying from simple cubic to simple squamous, releasing positive PAS secretion. g: spermatogonia; asterisk: acidophilic secretion; arrow: spermatozoa; arrow head: tunica albuginea. Staining: a, b. Periodic Acid Schiff; c, e, f. Hematoxylin and Eosin; d. Toluidine Blue.
Fig. 14
Photomicrographs of the male reproductive system in C. hastatus from Lineage 4. a-c. Anastomosing seminiferous tubules (st), covered by germinal epithelium. Germinal epithelium containing cysts with germinal cells under development until meiosis. Presence on the tubular lumen (lu) of clusters of spermatids (t) mixed with recently formed spermatozoa, characterizing semicystic spermatogenesis. g: spermatogonia; arrow: spermatozoa; arrow head: tunica albuginea. Staining: a. Toluidine Blue; b, c. Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Fig. 15
Photomicrographs of the male reproductive system in C. elegans from Lineage 5. a, b. Anastomosing seminiferous tubules (st), covered by germinal epithelium. g: spermatogonia; t: spermatid; arrow head: tunica albuginea. Staining: a. Toluidine Blue; b. Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Fig. 16
Photomicrographs of the male reproductive system in species from Lineage 6, showing anastomosing seminiferous tubules (st), covered by germinal epithelium. a, b. Corydoras
ehrhardti; c, d. C. naterreri; e, f. C. flaveolus; g, h. Corydoras sp. Germinal epithelium containing cysts with germinal cells under development until meiosis. Presence on the tubular lumen (lu) of clusters of spermatids (t) mixed with recently formed spermatozoa, characterizing semicystic spermatogenesis. b, c. Secretory tubules of the seminal vesicle (sv) with lining epithelium (le), varying from simple cubic to simple squamous. g: spermatogonia; sd: spermatic ducts; asterisk: acidophilic secretion; arrow: spermatozoa; arrow head: tunica albuginea. Staining: a-d, f, h. Hematoxylin and Eosin; e, g. Toluidine Blue.
Fig. 17
Photomicrographs of the male reproductive system in C. aeneus from Lineage 7. a, d. Anastomosing seminiferous tubules (st), covered by germinal epithelium. Germinal epithelium containing cysts with germinal cells under development until meiosis. Presence on the tubular lumen (lu) of clusters of spermatids (t) mixed with recently formed spermatozoa, characterizing semicystic spermatogenesis. b. Region of spermatic ducts (sd), containing acidophilic secretion. c. Secretory tubules of the seminal vesicle with lining epithelium (le), varying from simple cubic to simple squamous. g: spermatogonia; asterisk: acidophilic secretion; arrow: spermatozoa; arrow head: tunica albuginea. Staining: Hematoxylin and Eosin.
Fig. 18
Photomicrographs of the male reproductive system in species from Lineage 8, showing anastomosing seminiferous tubules (st), covered by germinal epithelium. a, b. Corydoras latus; c, d. C. seussi. Germinal epithelium containing cysts with germinal cells under development until meiosis. Presence on the tubular lumen (lu) of clusters of spermatids (t) mixed with recently formed spermatozoa, characterizing semicystic spermatogenesis. b, d. Region of spermatic ducts (sd), containing acidophilic secretion and secretory tubules of the seminal vesicle (sv) with lining epithelium (le), varying from simple cubic to simple squamous. g: spermatogonia; asterisk: acidophilic secretion; arrow: spermatozoa; arrow head: tunica albuginea. Staining: a, c, d. Hematoxylin and Eosin; b. Toluidine Blue.
Fig. 19
Photomicrographs of the male reproductive system in species from Lineage 9, showing anastomosing seminiferous tubules (st), covered by germinal epithelium. a. Corydoras duplicareus; b. C. cf. polystictus; c, d. C. julii; e. C. melini; f. C. araguaiaensis; g, h. C. cf. arcuatus. Germinal epithelium containing cysts with germinal cells under development until meiosis. Presence on the tubular lumen (lu) of clusters of spermatids (t) mixed with recently formed spermatozoa, characterizing semicystic spermatogenesis. c, h. Region of spermatic ducts (sd), containing acidophilic secretion and secretory tubules of the seminal vesicle with lining epithelium (le), varying from simple cubic to simple squamous. g: spermatogonia; asterisk: acidophilic secretion; arrow: spermatozoa; arrow head: tunica albuginea. Staining: a, b, c, e. Hematoxylin and Eosin; d. Periodic Acid Schiff; f-h. Toluidine Blue.
Fig. 20
Comparison among mean±SE of diameter, area and perimeter of sperm heads of the species analyzed by lineage. * Different letters in the same graphic = p<0.0001, One-way ANOVA plus Bonferroni’s Multiple Comparison Test.
Fig. 21
Comparison among lineages proposed relative to mean±SE of the diameter (a), area (b) and perimeter (c) of sperm heads of the analyzed species. Significant statistically differences = p<0.0001, One-way ANOVA plus Bonferroni’s Multiple Comparison Test.
Tab. 1
Occurrence of seminal vesicle and its position relative to the testis by species analyzed according to lineage. Yes = presence, No = absence.
Tab. 2
List of species analyzed by genetic lineage, showing the occurrence of genital papilla in males and its shape. Yes = presence, No = absence.
Tab. 3
Averages of the heads of the spermatozoa from all species representatives of the genetic lineages of Corydoradinae. Values are Mean ± SD, n = measures number, µm = micrometer, - = data not determined.
Tab. 4
Averages of the heads of spermatozoa from each analyzed species according to genetic lineage. Values are Mean ± SD, n = measures number, pg = picograms, - = data not determined. *Alexandrou (2011Alexandrou MA. Mechanisms of speciation and coexistence in Corydoradinae catfishes. [PhD Thesis]. Bangor: Bangor University; 2011.), **Oliveira et al. (1993Oliveira C, Almeida-Toledo LF, Mori L, Toledo-Filho SA. Cytogenetic and DNA content in six genera of the family Callichthyidae (Pisces, Siluriformes). Caryologia. 1993; 46(2-3):171-88.), ***Oliveira et al. (1992Oliveira C, Almeida-Toledo LF, Mori L, Toledo-Filho SA. Extensive chromosomal rearrangements and nuclear DNA content changes in the evolution of the armoured catfishes genus Corydoras (Pisces, Siluriformes, Callichthyidae). J Fish Biol . 1992; 40(3):419-31.).
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