Ontogenetic changes in mouth morphology triggers conflicting hypotheses of relationships in characid fishes (Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

Hirschmann, Alice; Fagundes, Nelson J. R.; Malabarba, Luiz R.

doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20160073

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ARTICLES • Neotrop. ichthyol. 15 (01) • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160073 copy

Ontogenetic changes in mouth morphology triggers conflicting hypotheses of relationships in characid fishes (Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Bryconamericus lethostigmus is the type-species of the monotypic genus Odontostoechus, diagnosed in part based on the presence of a unique tooth series in the premaxilla. Recently a new proposal of classification of the Stevardiinae placed Odontostoechus as a junior synonym of a monophyletic genus Bryconamericus sensu stricto, a genus characterized by the presence of two tooth series. Bryconamericus lethostigmus is redescribed herein and the single tooth series in the premaxilla is demonstrated to originate from merging of the external tooth row with the inner row during ontogeny refuting primary hypothesis of homology between the mouth morphology of B. lethostigmus and the genera Bryconacidnus, Ceratobranchia, Monotocheirodon, Othonocheirodus, Rhinopetitia and Rhinobrycon. A phylogeographic analysis indicated that the pattern described for the sympatric species Diapoma itaimbe is not mirrored by B. lethostigmus. The results also do not support the hypothesis of a new species in the rio Araranguá drainage.

Keywords:
Atlantic Forest; Cyanocharax itaimbe; Phylogeography; Tooth series; Tramandai-Mampituba ecoregion

	Holotype	Paratypes					Rio Maquiné					Rio Três Forquilhas					Rio Mampituba					Rio Araranguá
	Holotype	N	Min	Max	Mean	SD	N	Min	Max	Mean	SD	N	Min	Max	Mean	SD	N	Min	Max	Mean	SD	N	Min	Max	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	48.68	12	23.25	34.50	28.73	-	30	22.28	73.37	45.96	-	68	20.67	67.61	39.98	-	149	20.54	69.06	39.62	-	59	17.48	66.01	38.93	-
Percents of Standard Length
Predorsal length	51.01	12	51.01	53.57	52.21	0.84	30	48.97	53.44	50.74	1.12	68	48.25	54.32	51.10	1.27	149	47.94	56.47	51.43	1.38	59	34.33	56.85	50.77	2.56
Prepelvic length	44.36	12	44.36	50.88	47.52	1.61	30	45.11	50.25	47.56	1.24	67	44.93	52.34	47.61	1.32	149	44.67	51.99	47.79	1.61	59	45.17	50.45	47.80	1.19
Prepectoral length	22.99	12	23.50	25.65	24.92	0.72	30	21.72	27.74	24.33	1.68	67	21.08	30.20	24.83	2.11	149	21.64	30.45	25.00	2.18	59	22.52	30.78	25.60	1.77
Preanal length	59.85	12	59.85	64.25	62.08	1.31	30	58.48	66.25	63.16	1.63	68	59.16	66.32	62.72	1.45	149	57.89	66.88	62.15	1.87	59	57.54	66.49	62.57	1.85
Body depth	24.43	12	24.43	27.88	26.21	0.94	30	24.37	32.55	29.03	2.25	68	23.61	33.57	28.03	2.34	149	23.15	34.71	28.21	2.20	59	20.48	32.84	27.89	2.77
Caudal peduncule depth	8.34	12	8.34	10.20	9.28	0.57	30	9.45	11.87	10.59	0.68	68	8.10	12.21	10.28	0.90	149	8.23	16.27	10.60	0.90	59	7.32	12.09	10.38	1.02
Caudal peduncule length	15.85	12	15.85	18.55	17.39	0.92	30	14.57	21.23	17.67	1.76	68	9.59	20.53	17.14	1.59	149	11.78	20.84	17.31	1.25	59	13.97	20.28	17.55	1.45
Anal-fin base length	19.04	12	21.34	27.14	23.31	1.51	30	16.85	24.97	21.32	1.66	68	17.75	24.65	21.83	1.46	149	19.02	29.08	22.40	1.52	59	17.52	27.27	21.81	1.55
Anal-fin depth	18.18	12	18.65	22.41	20.60	1.03	30	15.50	21.98	18.84	1.75	68	16.29	24.34	19.57	1.71	149	13.21	25.39	19.92	1.75	59	17.22	24.64	19.82	1.51
Dorsal-fin base length	11.26	12	11.26	14.49	12.48	1.11	30	10.82	14.86	12.72	1.34	68	9.92	19.40	12.88	1.48	149	8.80	17.40	12.81	1.32	59	8.44	16.20	12.65	1.42
Dorsal-fin depth	21.16	12	21.33	26.86	24.60	1.78	24	19.86	26.51	24.27	1.71	48	21.79	34.14	24.84	1.78	67	21.29	40.16	25.43	2.57	10	22.60	27.29	24.57	1.47
Pelvic-fin length	13.66	12	13.79	16.99	15.38	0.99	26	12.97	16.44	15.14	0.79	48	11.71	16.69	14.91	1.10	67	12.88	22.19	15.57	1.35	11	14.71	17.03	15.64	0.82
Pectoral-fin length	17.36	12	19.21	25.29	21.93	1.48	24	16.16	22.14	20.00	1.49	47	16.17	23.29	20.06	1.61	66	15.81	27.59	20.51	1.69	11	18.71	23.24	20.78	1.44
Head length	23.15	11	24.09	27.11	25.89	0.93	30	22.16	27.04	25.01	1.27	68	22.30	29.79	25.47	1.75	149	22.50	28.65	25.50	1.54	59	22.99	29.57	25.57	1.21
Percents of Head Length
Snout length	22.10	12	22.10	29.12	25.91	1.85	30	24.48	31.56	27.95	1.76	68	22.11	36.42	26.82	2.66	149	20.21	35.87	25.83	2.24	59	21.45	29.79	25.90	1.81
Maxillary length	-	-	-	-	-	-	30	30.79	43.37	38.08	2.47	68	31.50	41.47	37.09	2.42	149	27.07	42.02	36.54	2.22	59	29.65	40.03	35.77	1.99
Premaxillary length	13.83	12	13.83	20.98	17.41	2.27	30	20.27	30.78	25.60	2.63	68	16.16	32.51	23.39	3.67	142	15.55	30.14	22.60	3.38	59	15.28	28.92	21.06	2.70
Eye diameter	39.25	12	39.25	47.86	43.55	2.56	30	29.37	46.42	38.80	3.50	68	21.10	50.97	40.77	3.98	149	32.92	49.77	41.06	3.10	59	32.90	50.23	41.39	3.10
Interorbital	21.14	12	21.14	30.45	27.42	2.82	30	26.06	38.07	30.83	2.62	68	20.82	38.49	29.71	3.48	149	22.84	48.19	31.13	3.21	59	19.05	33.30	28.87	3.09
Mouth width	-	-	-	-	-	-	30	24.15	34.69	28.55	2.55	68	21.78	37.42	28.65	3.10	149	20.00	36.66	27.81	3.46	58	20.65	33.25	26.45	3.04
Counts
Anal-fin branched rays	15	12	14	16	15.17	0.72	29	13	18	15.72	1.19	68	14	19	16.01	0.98	149	13	18	15.74	0.95	58	14	18	16.19	0.76
Dorsal-fin branched rays	8	12	8	8	8.00	0.00	30	7	10	8.00	0.45	68	7	8	7.97	0.17	149	7	9	7.99	0.14	58	7	8	7.98	0.13
Pelvic-fin branched rays	7	12	7	8	7.08	0.29	30	6	8	6.93	0.37	68	6	8	6.99	0.32	148	6	8	7.02	0.22	57	6	8	6.93	0.32
Pectoral-fin branched rays	10	9	9	12	10.67	0.87	30	11	13	11.90	0.71	68	11	13	12.01	0.44	148	10	14	12.14	0.75	58	10	13	11.71	0.62
Caudal-fin branched rays	19	11	18	19	18.73	0.47	22	18	19	18.95	0.21	68	18	19	18.96	0.21	146	17	20	18.99	0.22	53	17	20	18.96	0.34
Lateral line scales	37	12	35	38	37.50	0.90	27	36	40	37.93	1.07	60	35	40	37.83	0.87	115	36	40	37.97	0.72	46	34	39	37.63	1.12
Rows of scales lateral line/dorsal fin	5	12	4	5	4.92	0.29	28	4	5	4.96	0.19	65	4	5	4.95	0.21	147	4	6	4.99	0.16	54	5	6	5.02	0.14
Rows of scales lateral line/pelvic fin	3	12	3	4	3.58	0.51	28	3	5	3.86	0.59	65	3	5	3.89	0.36	143	3	5	3.80	0.44	54	3	4	3.94	0.23
Rows of scales lateral line/anal fin	4	12	3	4	3.75	0.45	28	3	4	3.82	0.39	66	3	4	3.91	0.29	141	3	4	3.89	0.31	53	4	4	4.00	0.00
Predorsal scales	13	12	10	13	11.33	0.98	30	11	13	11.83	0.70	68	10	14	12.10	0.74	148	10	14	12.05	0.77	55	11	14	12.16	0.81
Circunpeduncular scales	14	12	14	14	14.00	0.00	28	13	14	13.93	0.26	54	13	14	13.96	0.19	116	12	14	13.96	0.24	48	14	14	14.00	0.00
Scale sheath on anal-fin base	5	12	5	7	6.42	0.79	29	4	7	5.83	0.97	68	2	7	5.57	1.23	146	2	8	5.53	1.10	55	1	9	5.55	1.50

Measurements and counts	Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared	p-value	Different populations
Dorsal-fin depth	8.9028	0.03061	ARA x FOR
Pelvic-fin depth	10.478	0.01491	ARA x FOR
Pectoral-fin length	10.41	0.01538	ARA x MAQ
Pectoral-fin depth	9.6833	0.02146	ARA x FOR
Maxillary length	8.4277	0.03795	ARA x MAQ / MAM x MAQ
Anal-fin rays	15.46	0.001463	ARA x MAM / ARA x MAQ
Pectoral-fin rays	23.133	3.79E-05	ARA x MAM / MAM x MAQ
Caudal-fin rays	29.916	1.44E-06	MAM x MAQ

Source of variation	mtDNA
Source of variation	d.f	% variation	p-value
Among populations	3	8.35	< 0.001
Within populations	41	91.65	< 0.001
Fixation Index Φ	0.08347		< 0.001

	ARA	MAM	FOR	MAQ
ARA	0
MAM	0.003	0
FOR	0.003	0.003	0
MAQ	0.003	0.003	0.003	0

Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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