Taxonomic loss and functional reduction over time in the ichthyofauna of the Taquaruçu Reservoir, lower Paranapanema River, Southern Brazil

Abstract

We evaluated the fish composition and ecological attributes of the ichthyofauna collected in a limnological zone of the Taquaruçu Reservoir, lower Paranapanema River. Information about the fish community was updated when compared to the previous study (2006). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showed differences in species composition between periods and community weighted means (CWMs) exhibited changes in functional composition over time. Four functional indices were used in the principal coordinate analysis (PcoA) to measure changes in the functional space of species, whereas functional β-diversity inspected differences in the traits composition between the periods. 1,203 individuals were sampled of 43 species, being 16 non-native and 14 new records. Compared to 2006, 27 species were absent, most of them native to Loricariidae and Anostomidae, while Curimatidae and Pimelodidae decreased in abundance. Functional indexes showed a reduction in functional diversity, whereas new species records exhibited functional redundancy. It might have occurred a simplification of the fish community over time, excluding the migratory and specialists species such as the herbivores and detritivores. Accordingly, we concluded that the ichthyofauna of the Taquaruçu Reservoir might have been undergoing a process towards biotic homogenization.

Keywords:
Biological invasion; Damming; Homogenization; Long Term Changes; South America

Resumo

Avaliamos a composição de peixes e atributos ecológicos da ictiofauna coletada em uma zona limnológica do reservatório de Taquaruçu, baixo rio Paranapanema. As informações sobre a comunidade de peixes foram atualizadas quando comparadas ao estudo anterior (2006). O escalonamento multidimensional não métrico (NMDS) mostrou diferenças na composição de espécies entre os períodos, e as médias ponderadas da comunidade (CWMs) exibiram mudanças na composição funcional ao longo do tempo. Quatro índices funcionais foram utilizados na análise de coordenadas principais (PcoA) para medir as mudanças no espaço funcional das espécies, enquanto a β-diversidade funcional inspecionou diferenças na composição de traços entre os períodos. Foram amostrados 1,203 indivíduos de 43 espécies, sendo 16 não-nativas e 14 novos registros. Em comparação com 2006, 27 espécies estavam ausentes, a maioria nativa de Loricariidae e Anostomidae, enquanto Curimatidae e Pimelodidae diminuíram em abundância. Os índices funcionais mostraram redução na diversidade funcional, enquanto novos registros de espécies exibiram redundância funcional. Pode ter ocorrido uma simplificação da comunidade de peixes ao longo do tempo, excluindo as espécies migradoras e especialistas como os herbívoros e detritívoros. Dessa forma, concluímos que a ictiofauna do reservatório de Taquaruçu pode estar sofrendo um processo de homogeneização biótica.

Palavras-chave:
América do Sul; Barramento; Homogeneização; Invasão biológica; Mudanças de longo prazo

INTRODUCTION

Studies based on ichthyofauna surveys are relevant to unveil biodiversity patterns (Langeani et al., 2007) and the effects of anthropogenic impacts on communities (Orsi, Britton, 2014; Loures, Pompeu, 2019; Ganassin et al., 2021). Nevertheless, studies based only on the taxonomic composition of communities may not cover all aspects of biodiversity (Mouchet et al., 2010). Currently, the functional facet of communities has been used as a complementary measure of biodiversity (Villéger et al., 2017). The use of functional traits (i.e., any measurable biological characteristic that might influence the environmental fitness of species) has become key information to disentangle the aspects of functional ecology (Villéger et al., 2017; Pimiento et al., 2020). Thus, the investigation of species organized in a multidimensional functional space can be a useful approach (Villéger et al., 2008), resulting in a reliable source to evaluate biodiversity patterns and mechanisms (Mouillot et al., 2013). This approach also provides a powerful tool when it comes to change and loss of biodiversity due to human activities (Toussaint et al., 2018; McLean et al., 2019), as well as the dynamics of native and non-native species (Olden et al., 2006; Pool et al., 2010). Hence, functional diversity indexes can be used to compare biodiversity patterns across spatial and temporal scales (Mouchet et al., 2010; Pimiento et al., 2020).

The upper Paraná River basin is known to be exploited by hydropower (Agostinho et al., 2007), regardless of its importance for hydrological and ichthyofaunistic aspects (Langeani et al., 2007). The biotic-abiotic interactions in reservoirs are classified in distinct temporal phases (Agostinho et al., 1999), and these interactions may act as an environmental filter on the composition and structure of fish communities (Orsi, Britton, 2014; Smith et al., 2018). Reservoirs might select fish individuals with biological characteristics suitable for such environments (Oliveira et al., 2018), where some species may be non-natives (Olden et al., 2006; Pool et al., 2010). Thus, a taxonomic and/or functional simplification of the ichthyofauna may occur, as non-adapted native species, such as dourado Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816) and pintado Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) decline and/or disappear over time (Arantes et al., 2019). Therefore, reservoirs should become faunistically similar due to a biotic homogenization process (Daga et al., 2020; Magalhães et al., 2020). In this sense, studies on the structure and composition of ichthyofauna in reservoirs across time are essential to understand the impact of human activity on fish communities (Loures, Pompeu, 2019; Ganassin et al., 2021).

The Paranapanema River, one of the major tributaries of the upper Paraná River (Agostinho et al., 2007), is heavily fragmented by dams into a cascade of 11 reservoirs (Duke Energy, 2008), and it is as well highly impacted by invasive species (Garcia et al., 2018; Pelicice et al., 2018; Jarduli et al., 2020). Biological invasions in this basin are mainly influenced by the flooding of a natural barrier by the Itaipu Reservoir (e.g., Sete Quedas Falls) (Júlio Junior et al., 2009). Also, stocking programs (Agostinho et al., 2007), aquaculture escapes (Casimiro et al., 2018), sporting angling and aquarium dumping (Langeani et al., 2007; Jarduli et al., 2020) have all negatively affects this area (Garcia et al., 2018; Pelicice et al., 2018). The Taquaruçu Reservoir is the penultimate one in a series of reservoirs in the lower Paranapanema River (Duke Energy, 2008). This reservoir belongs to the portion of the basin with the largest amount of non-native species, such as the South American silver croaker Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) and the armored catfish Loricariichthys platymetopon Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1979 (Garcia et al., 2018), and it is known to be under additional anthropogenic activities like deforestation and discharge of human effluents (Vidotto-Magnoni et al., 2015).

The ichthyofauna of the Taquaruçu Reservoir was widely investigated more than ten years ago (data ranging from 1993 to 2000) (Britto, Carvalho, 2006). Based on knowledge about the dynamics in reservoirs and its implications to the ichthyofauna, we aimed here to update the previous information on the ichthyofauna (i.e., Britto, Carvalho, 2006), and to elucidate changes overtime in the taxonomic and functional composition of the fish community. Our hypotheses were coined after the damming period, as follows: (1) The taxonomic and functional composition of the fish community changed between the distinct time-periods analyzed; (2) Generalist species that are functionally similar, mostly non-natives, are favored over specialist native species between the distinct time-periods.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study area. The Paranapanema River rises in the Atlantic Plateau of the “Serra de Paranapiacaba”, municipality of Capão Bonito, in the São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil (Sampaio, 1944). It runs through approximately 930 km until it flows into the upper Paraná River (Sampaio, 1944). Extending from the Southeast of SP to the North of the Paraná State, about 330 km from its main channel define the borders between these Brazilian states (Maack, 1981). The lower Paranapanema River is the portion of the basin that begins after Salto Grande Falls (currently flooded by the Salto Grande Reservoir), covering in extension (from upstream to downstream) the reservoirs of Salto Grande, Canoas II, Canoas I, Capivara, Taquaruçu (our study area), and Rosana (Duke Energy, 2008).

The hydroelectric power plant “Escola Politécnica” (Taquaruçu Dam) was built in 1989 and started to operate in 1991. The Taquaruçu Reservoir is characterized by a run-of-river regime, a length of 80 km, a surface area of ​​105.5 km², and a maximum depth of 18 m (Britto, Carvalho, 2006). This reservoir has few tributaries, and among them, the most important ones are located on the left bank, following: the Capim, Centenário, and Tenente rivers; and on the right bank: the Anhumas River. Nonetheless, a large part of those tributaries is undergoing several impacts due to anthropogenic activities, such as riparian forest deforestation, land use (agriculture and pasture), urbanization, and discharge of domestic and industrial effluents (Vidotto-Magnoni et al., 2015).

Samplings sites. Samplings were performed from September 2018 to September 2019 at four sites in the reservoir transitional zone: site 1 (22°39’15.0”S 51°40’42.0”W); site 2 (22°39’37.0”S 51°37’53.8”W); site 3 (22°41’24.7”S 51°34’50.5”W); site 4 (22°41’10.8”S 51°32’20.9”W) (Fig. 1). The transitional zone was determined according to Ward et al., (1999) to survey species that inhabit lacustrine and fluvial zones. Following the approach used by Britto, Carvalho, (2006), our samplings were standardized and carried out quarterly, where fish were caught using gill-nets (30 to 120 mm between opposed knots), which were set for 24 h and checked every 12 h.

Fish were anesthetized and euthanized by overexposure to 1g/ml clove oil, fixed with 10% formalin, and further transferred to 70% alcohol. The fishes identification were carried out using specific literature (Ota et al., 2018), and with the help of a specialist (Dr. Fernando C. Jerep, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, MZUEL). Further, a collection of voucher specimens was deposited at MZUEL. As for the previous data (Britto, Carvalho, 2006), all species captured in the reservoir transitional zone and their abundances were selected. Subsequently, species were organized according to Fricke et al., (2021).

FIGURE 1 |
Location of the samplings points in the Taquaruçu Reservoir, lower Paranapanema River (transitional zone, 2020). Hydroelectric power plants: 1– Rosana; 2– Taquaruçu; 3– Capivara. MS = Mato Grosso do Sul State; PR = Paraná State; SP = São Paulo State.

Functional traits. Ten functional traits were selected to cover the largest spectrum possible of the fish community functional space. Hence, traits selected here were associated with habitat occupation, feeding habits, life-history, and reproductive strategy (Villéger et al., 2017).

For habitat occupation, we used the following range of adult maximum body size: small size (≤ 200 mm), medium size (≥ 200 – 400 ≤ mm), and large size (≥ 400 mm) (Ota et al., 2018). Regarding the water column position, the following classification was utilized: benthonic, demersal, and pelagic (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Classification in trophic guilds was used as feeding habit traits (i.e., detritivore, herbivore, insectivore, invertivore, omnivore, and piscivore) (Hahn et al., 2002; Vidotto-Magnoni, 2009). As traits associated with life-history, our classification followed: periodic, equilibrium, opportunistic, or intermediate (Winemiller, 1995). Finally, for traits related to reproductive strategies, we utilized: migratory behavior (non-migratory, short-distance migratory, long-distance migratory); fertilization (internal or external); parental care (parental care or non-parental care) (Agostinho et al., 2003); spawning (single or multiple); oocyte diameter (mm), and fecundity (number of oocytes matured/gonad mature) (Vazzoler, 1996; Orsi, 2010; Froese, Pauly, 2020).

Functional indexes. The distribution of species and their abundance in the functional space characterize functional diversity (Mouillot et al., 2013). Here, we evaluated functional diversity based on four indexes: richness, evenness, divergence, and dispersion. Functional richness (FRic) was defined as the position occupied by species in the functional space (Villéger et al., 2008), while functional evenness (FEve) was based on the uniformity of their abundance in this same space (Mouillot et al., 2013). Functional divergence (FDiv) was calculated as the proportional abundance that was concentrated in species occupying the extremes of the functional space, in the same way as functional dispersion (FDis) was calculated by weighting the average distance of abundance for the extreme traits in this same space (Mouillot et al., 2013).

Statistical analyses. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination was employed to elucidate the differences in species composition between the time-periods (i.e., 2006 and 2020). Based on a matrix of distances (e.g., Jaccard method), we verified the degree of similarity between the periods following the species composition data. Thus, in our functional space, we plotted our species composition based on the first two dimensions of the NMDS (final stress level = 0.181). NMDS was run using the function “metaMDS” in the Vegan package (version 2.4–1; Oksanen et al., 2019). Also, to test for significant differences between the groupings of the NMDS, we utilized permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) (Anderson, 2008) using 999 permutations and the function “adonis” in the Vegan package (Oksanen et al., 2019).

We used the community‐weighted mean (CWM) to characterize the functional structure of fish community calculated by each time-period. The CWMs were calculated as the abundance-weighted mean of trait values in the community, which shows an advantage to face the absolute increase or decrease in trait composition (McLean et al., 2019). As a result, the proportions of categorical and continuous trait values can be determined (McLean et al., 2019). For species with no trait data available, we have completed the dataset using the closest phylogenetic equivalent at the genus level (Penone et al., 2014). We assessed changes in the functional structure of the fish community by estimating and comparing the four indexes described above (i.e., richness, evenness, divergence, and dispersion) (Mouillot et al., 2013). When plotted in a two-dimensional functional space, this approach enables the visualization of potential changes in different components of the community’s functional structure, where the axis represents the qualitative traits extracted from a principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) (Mouillot et al., 2013). To verify significant differences in the functional diversity indices between the periods was used a one-tailed test (p < 0.05) proposed by Swenson, (2014). We also used functional dissimilarity indexes to assess the changes in the functional β-diversity based on its functional turnover and functional nestedness-resultant components. Hence, in our study, functional β-diversity measured the functional trait composition differences between two distinct periods in time (i.e., 2006 and 2020 datasets) (Mouillot et al., 2013; Villéger et al., 2013).

The multidimensional functional spaces were computed based on a dissimilarity matrix using a principal coordinates analysis (PCoA, a generalization of the principal component analysis (PCA)), which produces a Euclidean space encompassing the two first PCoA axis minus one (Maire et al., 2015). This distance matrix was computed using Gower’s distance (Gower, 1971), allowing thus quantitative and qualitative variables to be mixed while giving them equal weights. Also, we compared the mean squared deviation of the functional spaces. Following the approach devised by Maire et al., (2015), a PCoA was run using this functional distance matrix, and the best functional dendrogram was obtained based on the procedure implemented by Mouchet et al., (2008): using the multidimensional functional spaces from two to seven dimensions, and corresponding to the axis obtained after running the PCoA. Finally, we retained the species coordinates on the first three PCoA axis as the values of the traits (10 traits) describing our fish functional strategies (Villéger et al., 2011; Mouillot et al., 2013). We performed analyses on the functional structure of community using a set of functions: “quality_funct_space”, “plot_funct_space”, “multidimFD”, “multidimFbetaD” (Mouillot et al., 2013; Villéger et al., 2013). All these functions are available from (http://villeger.sebastien.free.fr/Rscripts.html), and analyses were carried out using the R Programming software version 3.5.3 (R Development Core Team, 2020).

RESULTS

We had 1,203 individuals captured belonging to five orders, 17 families, and 43 species. Out of the 43 species, 16 were non-natives to the upper Paraná River basin (Tab. 1). The families showing the greatest richness were: Pimelodidae (seven species), followed by Anostomidae, Cichlidae, and Serrasalmidae (five species each); whereas the most abundant families were Characidae (n = 338), Loricariidae (n = 195), and Sciaenidae (n = 136). Out of the fish composition data obtained by Britto, Carvalho, (2006), 27 species were not captured, being most of them native species of Loricariidae (e.g., nine species) and Anostomidae (e.g., six species). Also, 14 species in our results (i.e., mostly non-native species from different families) were new records to the reservoir transitional zone (Tab. 1). The families with a decrease in abundance were Loricariidae, Anostomidae, Curimatidae, and Pimelodidae; whereas Characidae, Cichlidae, and Parodontidae have displayed an increase in abundance (Tab. 1).

TABLE 1 |
Ichthyofauna and functional traits of the Taquaruçu Reservoir, lower Paranapanema River (the transitional zone between 2006 and 2020). * = non-native species to the upper Paraná River basin; # = species only recorded in 2006; + = species only recorded in 2020; n = abundance; SI = size (mm); WP = water column position; TG = trophic guild; LH = life-history; MB = migratory behavior; FE = fertilization; PC = parental care; SP = spawning; OD = oocyte diameter (mm); FC = fecundity (number of oocytes matured/gonad mature). SM = small; MD = medium; LA = large; BE = benthonic; DE = demersal; PE = pelagic; DET = detritivore; HER = herbivore; INS = insectivore; INV = invertivore; OMN = omnivore; PIS = piscivore; E = equilibrium; O = opportunistic; P = periodic; NM = non-migratory; SDM = short-distance migratory; LDM = long-distance migratory; EF = external fertilization; IF = internal fertilization; PC = parental care; NPC = non-parental care; MU = Multiple; SI = single. P&DII 1092 = field number, MZUEL voucher uncataloged.

Family/Species

n

Functional traits

Vouchers

2006

2020

SI

WP

TG

LH

MB

FE

PC

SP

OD

FC

Erythrinidae

Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794)

35

20

LA

DE

PIS

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

1.3085

43972.96

MZUEL 20741

Hoplias sp.+

0

20

LA

DE

PIS

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

1.3085

43972.96

MZUEL 20761

Parodontidae

Apareiodon affinis (Steindachner, 1879)

13

44

SM

DE

DET

P

SDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.8900

4345.82

MZUEL 20770

Cynodontidae

Rhaphiodon vulpinus Spix & Agassiz, 1829#

5

0

LA

PE

PIS

P

LDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.9800

215841

-

Serrasalmidae

Metynnis lippincottianus (Cope, 1870)*

4

33

SM

PE

HER

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

1.0783

11990.53

MZUEL 20737

Myloplus levis (Eigenmann & McAtee, 1907)*+

0

1

ME

PE

HER

P

SDM

EF

NPC

SI

2.3260

7000

MZUEL 20783

Myloplus tiete (Eigenmann & Norris, 1900)#

26

0

ME

PE

HER

P

SDM

EF

NPC

SI

2.3260

7000

-

Serrasalmus maculatus Kner, 1858

41

21

ME

PE

PIS

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

1.4078

34177.77

MZUEL 20743

Serrasalmus marginatus Valenciennes, 1837*

67

40

ME

PE

PIS

EP

NM

EF

PC

MU

1.2339

68082.19

MZUEL 20744

Anostomidae

Leporellus vittatus (Valenciennes, 1850)#

10

0

SM

BE

INS

P

SDM

EF

NPC

SI

1.0300

12745.39

-

Leporinus amblyrhynchus Garavello & Britski, 1987#

2

0

SM

DE

INS

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

1.0300

12745.39

-

Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794)

42

1

LA

DE

OMN

P

SDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.6870

244593.6

MZUEL 20788

Leporinus lacustris Amaral Campos, 1945#

1

0

SM

BE

HER

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

1.1717

62038.11

-

Leporinus octofasciatus Steindachner, 1915

6

1

ME

DE

OMN

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

1.0400

13308.99

MZUEL 20792

Leporinus paranensis Garavello & Britski, 1987#

3

0

LA

DE

OMN

P

SDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.8900

130527.35

-

Megaleporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1837)

2

5

LA

DE

INS

P

LDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.6751

846826.4

MZUEL 20745

Schizodon altoparanae Garavello & Britski, 1990#

3

0

ME

DE

HER

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

0.7545

541605.3

-

Schizodon borellii (Boulenger, 1900)*#

10

0

LA

DE

HER

P

LDM

EF

NPC

MU

0.8807

541605.3

-

Schizodon intermedius Garavello & Britski, 1990

50

11

SM

DE

HER

P

SDM

EF

NPC

SI

1.0200

632157.6

MZUEL 20797

Schizodon nasutus Kner, 1858

83

32

LA

DE

HER

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

1.2657

265214.6

MZUEL 20758

Curimatidae

Cyphocharax modestus (Fernández-Yépez, 1948)

16

1

SM

DE

DET

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

0.6800

15948.4

MZUEL 20793

Cyphocharax naegelii (Steindachner, 1881)#

8

0

SM

DE

DET

P

SDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.5600

4787.25

-

Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837)#

5

0

LA

DE

DET

P

LDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.9800

1280722

-

Steindachnerina brevipinna (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889)*+

0

17

SM

DE

DET

P

SDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.4874

56353.49

MZUEL 20776

Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández-Yépez, 1948)

253

7

SM

DE

DET

P

SDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.4637

33503.14

MZUEL 20746

Triportheidae

Triportheus nematurus (Kner, 1858)*+

0

1

SM

PE

INS

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

0.9700

10953.4

MZUEL 20756

Acestrorhynchidae

Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lütken, 1875)

90

33

ME

PE

PIS

P

NM

EF

NPC

MU

0.7248

25993.55

MZUEL 20777

Characidae

Astyanax lacustris (Lütken ,1875)

84

99

SM

PE

INS

P

SDM

EF

PC

MU

0.6800

7442.77

MZUEL 20753

Moenkhausia intermedia Eigenmann, 1908

23

100

SM

PE

INS

OP

NM

EF

NPC

SI

0.7100

18949.21

MZUEL 20790

Roeboides descalvadensis Fowler, 1932*

12

139

SM

PE

INS

P

NM

EF

NPC

MU

0.9200

280

MZUEL 20772

Sternopygidae

Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes, 1836)#

7

0

ME

BE

INS

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

1.9000

531.96

-

Gymnotidae

Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Valenciennes, 1839)*+

0

13

LA

BE

INS

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

1.7491

10360.15

MZUEL 20748

Rhamphichthyidae

Rhamphichthys hahni (Meinken, 1937)*+

0

1

LA

BE

INS

E

NM

EF

NPC

MU

3.0000

1085

MZUEL 20759

Rhamphichthys sp.#

2

0

LA

BE

INS

E

NM

EF

NPC

MU

3.0000

1085

-

Loricariidae

Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911)#

11

0

ME

BE

DET

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

3.2900

420.45

MZUEL 20778

Hypostomus margaritifer (Regan, 1908)#

1

0

ME

BE

DET

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

3.3325

1326.387

-

Hypostomus regani (Ihering, 1905)#

9

0

ME

BE

DET

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

3.3325

1326.387

-

Hypostomus sp.

2

13

ME

BE

DET

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

3.2900

420.45

MZUEL 20749

Hypostomus sp2.#

5

0

ME

BE

DET

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

3.2900

420.45

-

Hypostomus sp4.#

15

0

ME

BE

DET

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

3.2900

420.45

-

Hypostomus sp6.#

34

0

ME

BE

DET

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

3.2900

420.45

-

Loricaria sp.#

19

0

ME

BE

DET

E

NM

EF

PC

SI

4.2800

429.2

-

Loricariichthys platymetopon Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1979*

175

170

ME

BE

DET

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

2.3200

1451

MZUEL 20738

Megalancistrus parananus (Peters, 1881)#

1

0

LA

BE

DET

E

NM

EF

PC

SI

4.2900

13022

-

Proloricaria prolixa (Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1978)

13

12

ME

BE

DET

E

NM

EF

PC

SI

4.2800

429.2

MZUEL 20728

Rhinelepis aspera Spix & Agassiz, 1829#

50

0

LA

BE

DET

P

LDM

EF

NPC

SI

1.3200

181200

-

Auchenipteridae

Auchenipterus nuchalis (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)*#

53

0

ME

DE

INS

P

NM

IF

NPC

MU

1.3200

2466

-

Auchenipterus osteomystax (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)*+

0

40

ME

DE

INS

P

NM

IF

PNC

MU

1.3200

2466

MZUEL 20739

Tatia neivai (Ihering, 1930)+

0

1

SM

DE

INV

P

SDM

IF

PC

SI

1.6700

297.24

MZUEL 20794

Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766)*

96

38

ME

DE

OMN

P

NM

IF

NPC

MU

1.9000

750

MZUEL 20755

Doradidae

Ossancora eigenmanni (Boulenger, 1895)*+

0

5

SM

BE

0

P

NM

EF

NPC

MU

0.9000

22400.1

MZUEL 20779

Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes, 1821)*#

8

0

LA

DE

PIS

P

LDM

EF

NPC

MU

1.0600

296000

-

Trachydoras paraguayensis (Eigenmann & Ward, 1907)*

43

9

P1

BE

INV

P

NM

EF

NPC

MU

0.9000

22400.1

MZUEL 20767

Pimelodidae

Iheringichthys labrosus (Lütken, 1874)

81

16

ME

DE

INV

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

1.1200

10954.81

MZUEL 20747

Pimelodella gracilis (Valenciennes, 1835)+

0

4

ME

DE

INS

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

0.6400

10955

MZUEL 20789

Pimelodella sp.#

6

0

ME

DE

INS

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

0.6400

10955

-

Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède, 1803

87

34

LA

DE

OMN

P

LDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.5860

76184.2

MZUEL 20768

Pimelodus ornatus Kner, 1858*

5

1

LA

DE

OMN

P

SDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.3952

54677.58

MZUEL 20765

Pimelodus sp.+

0

1

LA

DE

OMN

P

LDM

EF

NPC

SI

0.5860

76184.2

P&DII 1092

Pinirampus pirinampu (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)

13

1

LA

DE

PIS

P

LDM

EF

NPC

SI

1.1800

189858.2

MZUEL 20740

Sorubim lima (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)*+

0

1

LA

DE

PIS

P

LDM

EF

NPC

SI

1.5400

1200000

MZUEL 20769

Zungaro jahu (Ihering, 1898)#

4

0

LA

DE

PIS

P

LDM

EF

NPC

SI

1.6000

862405

-

Cichlidae

Cichla cf. kelberi Kullander & Ferreira, 2006*+

0

10

LA

DE

PIS

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

1.6087

15694.12

MZUEL 20760

Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982

19

10

SM

DE

INS

E

NM

EF

PC

SI

2.0500

955.46

MZUEL 20752

Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911#

0

1

SM

DE

INS

E

NM

EF

PC

SI

2.0500

955.46

MZUEL 20784

Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg, 1891)#

11

0

SM

DE

INS

E

NM

EF

PC

SI

2.9200

562.91

-

Crenicichla sp.

17

57

SM

DE

INS

E

NM

EF

PC

SI

2.0500

955.46

MZUEL 20764

Geophagus iporangensis Haseman, 1911+

0

3

SM

DE

INS

E

NM

EF

PC

MU

1.7800

1539

MZUEL 20785

Sciaenidae

Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840)*

131

136

LA

PE

PIS

P

SDM

EF

NPC

MU

0.5300

108314.1

MZUEL 20742

NMDS evidenced a clustering of three groups (i.e., species occurring in both years, species captured exclusively in 2006, and species captured exclusively in 2020), indicating divergences in the fish community over time (Fig. 2). The PERMANOVA confirmed that the species composition in 2006 was significantly distinct from that in 2020 (R²= 0.22, P = 0.01). The CWMs demonstrated a change in six out of ten traits between the datasets of 2006 and 2020, following: size, water column position, trophic guild, migratory behavior, oocyte diameter, and fecundity (Tab. 2). All the functional indexes calculated showed a decreased between 2006 and 2020 datasets (Fig. 3). Changes in functional β-diversity between 2006 and 2020 datasets were observed as well, where the turnover component was almost the total value of total functional β-diversity (Fig. 4).

The results of one-tailed test showed a significant difference in each functional diversity index between the two time-periods. FRic (t = 80.253; P = 0.007), FDiv (t = 28.903; P = 0.02), FEve (t = 33.508; P = 0.01) and FDis (t = 31.17; P = 0.02) showed decreasing trends along of the two time-periods (2006 to 2020) indicating the loss of several functional traits and change in the abundance of species with restricted to specific groups functional traits.

TABLE 2 |
Functional composition by community-weighted means (CWMs), and changes in the ichthyofauna of the Taquaruçu Reservoir, lower Paranapanema River (the transitional zone between 2006 and 2020).

Year	Size (mm)	Water column position	Trophic guild	Life-History	Migratory behavior	Fertili- zation	Parental care	Spawning	Oocyte diameter (mm)	Fecundity (n.oocytes)
2006	Medium	Demersal	Detritivore	Periodic	Short-Distance migratory	External	Non parental care	Multiple	2.0128	17882.09
2020	Small	Pelagic	Piscivore	Periodic	Non-Migratory	External	Non parental care	Multiple	1.4783	27474.19

FIGURE 2 |
Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of the ichthyofauna composition of the Taquaruçu Reservoir, lower Paranapanema River (the transitional zone between 2006 and 2020).

FIGURE 3 |
Two-dimensional functional space (PCoA) of the ichthyofauna of the Taquaruçu Reservoir, lower Paranapanema River (transitional zone between 2006 and 2020). A, B, C, D = 2006. E, F, G, H = 2020. FRic = Functional richness; FEve = Functional evenness; FDiv = Functional divergence; FDis = Functional dispersion.

FIGURE 4 |
Two-dimensional functional space (PCoA) of the functional β-diversity of the ichthyofauna of the Taquaruçu Reservoir, lower Paranapanema River (the transitional zone between 2006 and 2020).

DISCUSSION

We observed the absence of several native species that were registered in 2006, especially from the Loricariidae and Anostomidae families, and the reduction in the abundance of Curimatidae and Pimelodidae families. On the other hand, 14 species were new records for this current study. However, most of them are non-native to the lower Paranapanema River. Statistical analysis provided indications that there was a significant taxonomic discrepancy between the time-periods. In this sense, the CWMs of traits demonstrated that six out of ten traits considered here had changed over time, a fact corroborated by the decrease in all functional indexes between the time-periods. Finally, the β-functional diversity showed that the new species were functionally redundant.

Changes in the functional composition of the fish community might be related to rearrangements in the ichthyofauna between the time-periods of 2006 and 2020, which have acted predominantly in the loss of richness in Loricariidae and Anostomidae, and it has also decreased the abundance in Curimatidae and Pimelodidae. Most of the species pertaining to the Anostomidae and Pimelodidae in the upper Paraná River display medium to large body size (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007; Ota et al., 2018), and migratory behavior (Agostinho et al., 2003). As shown in previous studies (e.g., Agostinho et al., 2007; Hoeinghaus et al., 2009), large migratory fish in the upper Paraná River have been harmed, after the damming, by the blocking of movements and the disconnection of critical habitats to life cycles. Besides, the dam’s water level control neutralizes seasonal floods, which restrains the connection with the marginal lagoons utilized by early life stages to hide, develop, feed, and grow, thus leading to population depletion (Agostinho et al., 2004; Arantes et al., 2019). In this sense, several studies have pointed out a graduate occupation of the reservoirs by opportunistic species of smaller body size (Alvim, Peret, 2004; Lima et al., 2016; Arantes et al., 2019).

Changes in body size and position in the water column due to anthropogenic impacts have been registered in marine ecosystems (e.g., continental shelves of the Atlantic Ocean), where smaller and pelagic fish with short life cycles are favored due to reply faster to environmental changes (McLean et al., 2019). In the Paraná River, damming has caused changes in the composition of ichthyofauna, varying from pelagic to benthopelagic habitat usage (Oliveira et al., 2018), whereas we have found a different pattern (from demersal to pelagic usage of habitat). One could find an explanation for this change in the fish feeding habits, based on the fact that much of Anostomidae species feed on plant material and Pimelodidae species show predator/omnivore feeding, both favored by their sub-terminal mouths (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007), and demersal behavior in the bottom (Vidotto-Magnoni, 2009). Since the previous study was performed few years after the dam has closed (Britto, Carvalho, 2006), species belonging to Anostomidae may have been favored by the trophic upsurge period in the early years of the reservoir, where the increase in transparency and carriage of organic matter from terrestrial floods facilitated primary production (Agostinho et al., 1999). However, these individuals were probably overcome by smaller and pelagic fish (except in the case of the large pelagic invasive P. squamosissimus) due to changes in the availability of food as the reservoir aged (Cunha-Santino et al., 2013; Arantes et al., 2019), as well as specialized feeding habits that precluded the use of different resources (Luz-Agostinho et al., 2006). On the other hand, for the Pimelodidae individuals, this may have occurred mildly due to their wide feeding capacity (Vidotto-Magnoni, 2009).

Back to the study done by Britto, Carvalho, (2006), the short-distance migratory behavior of fish was dominantly represented by Anostomidae and Pimelodidae. Species of both groups can carry out short-distance migration that might allow them to accomplish their life cycles in reservoirs (Agostinho et al., 2003; Orsi, 2010). However, the short-distance migrator species have been replaced by non-migrators ones, which may be related to the damming (Agostinho et al., 2004; Cunha-Santino et al., 2013). This scenario was also seen in the Colorado River, North America, where the decline by damming of native migrant species provided unoccupied niches to sedentary non-native species occupation (besides other environmental factors) (Olden et al., 2006; Pool et al., 2010). Our results partially corroborate with this trend since we could demonstrate an increase in native and non-native sedentary species belonging to the families: Characidae (e.g., native tetra Moenkhausia intermedia Eigenmann, 1908; and the non-native saicanga Roeboides descalvadensis Fowler, 1932), Parodontidae [e.g., native jackknife Apareiodon affinis (Steindachner, 1879)], and Cichlidae (e.g., native jacundá Crenicichla sp.; and the non-native peacock bass Cichla cf. kelberi Kullander & Ferreira, 2006).

The reduction of the oocyte diameter and the increased fecundity are believed to be guided by environmental forces selecting periodic life-history species (Winemiller, 1995). Therefore, our results denoted a decline of migratory species of this kind. In this way, changes in trait composition might be associated with the loss of Loricariidae species. A previous study in the Paraná River (Suzuki et al., 2000) have shown that species of Loricariidae have large oocytes (> 4.0 mm), while in the Paranapanema River, it was found that they had the largest oocyte diameters among the entire ichthyofauna (> 3.0 mm) (Orsi, 2010). For both studies, this group presented lower fecundity and possibly, an equilibrium trait concerning Life-History (Winemiller, 1995). However, in our study, we did not find changes in the composition of life-history traits. In this sense, it should be noted that there are intermediate characteristics between periodic and equilibrium extremes of life-history, where the opportunistic species fit, which produce oocytes varying in size (e.g., medium to small oocytes) and medium to large offsprings (Winemiller, 1995). Therefore, we could explain the changes in trait composition here without having changes in life-history because the decrease in oocyte diameter and lower fecundity (Loricariidae), together with the increase in little oocytes and larger offsprings (probably influenced by the non-native opportunistic species) were captured in abundance weighted means (CWMs) (McLean et al., 2019).

During the early years of the damming, piscivores species are favored by the increase of preys (Lima et al., 2016), whereas the rise of the detritivores species occurs later due to high sedimentation during the process of the reservoir aging (Cunha-Santino et al., 2013). However, we have observed an opposite pattern. In the reservoirs of the Iguaçu (Delariva et al., 2013), and Tietê rivers (Smith et al., 2018), detritivores species became more abundant when food resources were largely available. Hence, the higher representation of detritivores of Loricariidae and Curimatidae [e.g., the saguiru Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández-Yépez, 1948)] in the study carried out by Britto, Carvalho, (2006) may be associated again with the early stage of the reservoir, which contributed to the concentration of organic matter in the bottom (Agostinho et al., 2007). Thus, as found here to Anostomidae, the decreasing of richness in Loricariidae and abundance in Curimatidae, most likely, occurred due to the trophic dynamics in the reservoir (Cunha-Santino et al., 2013), and fish inefficiency in exploring other food resources since detritivores are also specialists (Luz-Agostinho et al., 2006; Smith et al., 2018). Nevertheless, the detritivores may have also been harmed over time by the low carriage of organic material in the reservoir sediment due to the deforestation in the surrounding areas (Vidotto-Magnoni et al., 2015), or the dam’s water level control (Alvim, Peret, 2004). Besides, benthonic detritivore species (Loricariidae) may have been suffered from low concentrations of oxygen in the bottom of the reservoir (Arantes et al., 2019), while the detritivores species, in general, may have been experienced the effects of the run-of-river regime over time, which might have had minor sedimentation due to short-time water retention and small flooded perimeter (Nogueira et al., 2012). Likewise, the increase of piscivores species was most likely modulated by the progressive niche occupation left by rheophilic predators (e.g., Pimelodidae) (Olden et al., 2006; Pool et al., 2010). Thus, sedentary species such as Cichla cf. kelberi, which were introduced by human-mediated activity (e.g., sporting angling) (Langeani et al., 2007; Jarduli et al., 2020), probably increased their occupancy.

The functional turnover showed that changes in trait composition were mostly driven by non-native species, a pattern that has been observed in distinct reservoirs of the upper Paraná River (e.g., Orsi, Britton, 2014; Loures, Pompeu, 2019; Daga et al., 2020), and others Brazilian watersheds (Arantes et al., 2019; Magalhães et al., 2020; Ganassin et al., 2021). Previously, a global freshwater review found that, in general, non-native species increase the functional richness of fish communities, in some cases beyond 100% (Toussaint et al., 2018). However, the functional turnover did not increase or re-establish ecological functions since there was a decrease in all functional indexes analyzed. Consequently, taxonomic turnover was mediated by trait-environment relationships, where species presented functional redundancy (Villéger et al., 2010; Pimiento et al., 2020). The FRic and FEve indexes decreased over time, meaning that the functional space has been reduced (Villéger et al., 2008; Mouchet et al., 2010), and the uniformity of traits was modified (Mouillot et al., 2013). This finding was supported by the decrease in FDiv index over time, which have indicated that dominant species became functionally closer while the extremes decreased (Mouillot et al., 2013), meaning that species having extreme traits (e.g., largest oocyte diameters) in the functional space became less represented. Hence, the FDis index decrease over time demonstrated that species had been found closer to the center of functional space, where similar characteristics should remain (Villéger et al., 2008). This functional scenario might be justified by the type of environment studied since large watersheds that historically had richer fauna with many ecological functions should become less susceptible to gain traits when non-natives species become established (Toussaint et al., 2018).

The decrease in the FRic index, even with the introduction of non-native species, was verified in previous studies such as in the estuarine fish community in Mexico (Villéger et al., 2010) and in the Paraná River (Oliveira et al., 2018), once the species were functionally redundant. Additionally, a decline of specialized species was observed, that is, species with extreme traits such as herbivory (Villéger et al., 2010), and migratory behavior (Oliveira et al., 2018) have diminished. Thus, the taxonomic and trait composition of fishes under environmental impacts might substantially change across time, yet the fish communities seem to converge to the same characteristics, showing a functional simplification effect that should drive biotic homogenization (McLean et al., 2019; Magalhães et al., 2020). Thus, our results here might enhance and show that the loss of a significant portion of the taxonomic and functional composition in the Taquaruçu Reservoir should probably drive the fish community towards biotic homogenization, an environmental panorama that is most likely subjected to the damming (Loures, Pompeu, 2019; Daga et al., 2020; Ganassin et al., 2021), and biological invasions (Magalhães et al., 2020).

The implications of the environmental scenario found here is quite worrying since fish participate in the nutrient cycle, are considered ecosystem engineers, and control food chains (Villéger et al., 2017; Arantes et al., 2019). Particularly, the Anostomidae, Curimatidae, and Loricariidae families play an important role in food chains since they promote the flow of nutrients and matter from lower to upper food chain levels (Alvim, Peret, 2004; Luz-Agostinho et al., 2006). Thus, herbivores and detritivores species are responsible for mediating most of the flow of matter and energy in large watersheds from South America (Bowen, 1984; Arantes et al., 2019). On the other hand, predators as Pimelodidae species have a relevant position in food chains by promoting the moderation of food chain levels below (Agostinho et al., 2007). In addition, fish are known to perform several ecosystem services (Villéger et al., 2017; Arantes et al., 2019), as the importance of families such as Anostomidae, Curimatidae, and Pimelodidae in fisheries resources (Hoeinghaus et al., 2009), and Loricariidae in fishkeeping (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007).

In conclusion, we identified a substantial loss or decreased over time in fish species (i.e., 2006 to 2020), that have reduced their functional space in the Taquaruçu Reservoir. This scenario might compromise the ecological relationships and ecosystem services in this reservoir. Our results emphasized that reservoirs play an important “filtering” role in structuring fish communities, which should result in a selection of suitable traits driving assemblages to a simplification of characteristics (i.e., traits) and, most likely, to biotic homogenization influenced by non-native species. Here, our results reinforced the impacts of damming in fish communities, especially on migratory and specialist species. Hence, we showed that after thirty years have passed the damming, we could find relevant changes in the fish communities, demonstrating that there is a pressing need for continuous monitoring of the reservoirs. We encourage the practice of this approach for successful biological and ecological assessments and management of Brazilian freshwater ecosystems, as well as increasing knowledge on the dynamics in reservoirs, recognizing thus local and regional environmental issues.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil – finance code 001 to first and second authors. The third and fifth authors would like to thank the CTG Brasil for support in their postdoctoral research at the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), and the fourth author would also like to thank CTG Brasil for granting financial assistance for this work. Also, we would like to thank Prof. Dr. Fernando C. Jerep (MZUEL) for identifying the species and Aparecido de Souza and Edson S. da Silva for helping with the fieldwork. We also thank the anonymous reviewers and Associate Editor for their valuable comments.

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• HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

  Ferraz JD, Casimiro ACR, Garcia DAZ, Pereira AD, Jarduli LR, Almeida FS, Orsi ML. Taxonomic loss and functional reduction over time in the ichthyofauna of the Taquaruçu Reservoir, lower Paranapanema River, Southern Brazil. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2021; 19(3):e200143. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0143

Edited-by

Fernando Carvalho

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  17 Sept 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  16 Dec 2020
• Accepted
  12 May 2021