Taxonomy of <i>Triportheus</i> (Ostariophysi: Triportheidae) from the Paraná-Paraguai basin, South America

A taxonomic review of Triportheus from the Paraná-Paraguai basin was conducted, with four valid species recognized: two natives, one introduced in the upper rio Paraná basin, and one new species described herein. Redescriptions, including osteological characters and detailed coloration patterns, are presented for all recognized species. An update on the distribution of Triportheus species in the Paraná-Paraguai basin is provided, along with discussions regarding introductions in the upper rio Paraná basin and hypothesis of occurrences. In this context, a key for the identification of Triportheus species from the rios Paraná-Paraguai basin is also provided.

Keywords:
Characiformes; Freshwater sardines; Identification key; La Plata system; Taxonomic review

Authorship

Douglas Alves Lopes

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Investigation

Methodology

Project administration

Validation

Visualization

Writing-original draft

Writing-review and editing

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva s/n°, Bairro Universitário, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. (DAL) da.lopes@unesp.br (corresponding author), (FRC) carvalhofr@gmail.comUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulBrazilCampo Grande, MS, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva s/n°, Bairro Universitário, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. (DAL) da.lopes@unesp.br (corresponding author), (FRC) carvalhofr@gmail.com

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências ExatasBrazilSão José do Rio Preto, SP, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5607-3861

Fernando Rogério Carvalho

Conceptualization

Data curation

Funding acquisition

Investigation

Methodology

Resources

Validation

Visualization

Writing-review and editing

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Câmpus de Três Lagoas (CPTL), Laboratório de Ictiologia, Coleção Ictiológica de Três Lagoas (CITL), Av. Ranulpho Marques Leal, 3484, Distrito Industrial II, 79613-000 Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil.Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulBrazilTrês Lagoas, MS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Câmpus de Três Lagoas (CPTL), Laboratório de Ictiologia, Coleção Ictiológica de Três Lagoas (CITL), Av. Ranulpho Marques Leal, 3484, Distrito Industrial II, 79613-000 Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2137-2255

Edited-by

Priscila Camelier

Correspondence

Douglas Alves Lopes da.lopes@unesp.br

Competing Interests

The author declares no competing interests.

Ethical Statement

Not applicable.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (14)
Tables (4)

	Holotype	Paratypes				Non-types
	Holotype	N	Min-Max	Mean	SD	N	Min-Max	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	102.6	23	37.9–99.7	63.7	–	15	32.4–96.1	64.5	–
Percents of standard length
Body depth	38.0	23	32.8–39.6	35.9	1.9	15	33.8–38.6	36.1	1.6
Head length	23.4	23	23.6–30.5	26.0	1.8	15	21.6–30.1	25.9	1.9
Head depth	21.3	23	20.3–26.9	23.7	1.7	15	20.6–27.6	23.9	1.7
Predorsal distance	63.1	23	59.6–64.3	61.8	1.4	15	58.0–66.0	62.4	1.8
Preventral distance	56.1	22	53.7–59.7	56.6	1.8	15	52.4–57.6	54.8	1.4
Preanal distance	74.1	23	69.7–77.0	73.5	2.0	15	70.8–74.5	72.1	1.1
Caudal peduncle height	10.9	23	7.8–10.7	9.3	0.8	15	6.5–10.3	8.7	1.1
Dorsal-fin base length	10.5	23	9.6–12.3	11.1	0.7	15	9.8–13.3	10.9	1.1
Anal-fin base length	27.5	23	25.7–31.6	29.0	1.2	15	24.3–30.1	27.7	1.9
Pectoral-fin length	37.0	23	36.8–43.2	39.8	1.7	15	37.1–41.7	39.4	1.4
Pelvic-fin length	14.7	22	11.3–17.6	13.9	1.6	15	11.8–14.1	12.9	0.9
Dorsal-fin length	18.1	23	17.5–22.9	20.3	1.4	15	16.0–21.8	18.9	1.8
Anal-fin length	11.1	23	8.5–14.1	11.7	1.6	15	8.6–12.7	10.7	1.4
Caudal peduncle length	9.9	23	7.8–10.7	9.0	0.8	15	8.2–10.1	9.0	0.6
Dorsal-fin to adipose-fin distance	27.1	23	25.2–28.1	26.4	1.0	15	26.0–30.0	27.6	1.3
Orbit to dorsal-fin distance	52.7	23	45.8–52.9	49.4	1.9	15	46.4–51.8	49.6	1.8
Dorsal-fin to caudal peduncle distance	41.2	23	36.0–41.5	39.2	1.4	15	37.5–43.9	39.7	2.0
Percents of head length
Orbital diameter	28.6	23	29.2–34.6	31.5	1.7	15	27.9–31.8	29.6	1.5
Snout length	27.1	23	21.8–26.2	23.9	1.0	15	22.4–27.6	24.5	1.5
Interorbital distance	30.8	23	26.4–32.6	30.0	1.8	15	29.0–33.0	31.3	1.2
Upper jaw length	25.5	23	21–26.6	24.0	1.9	15	20.5–26.6	23.6	1.9

	N	Min-Max	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	160	31.8–220.0	99.6	–
Percents of standard length
Body depth	160	28.3–37.9	34.2	1.8
Head length	160	22.0–29.0	24.9	1.8
Head depth	160	20.0–30.5	23.5	1.8
Predorsal distance	160	53.5–65.8	59.6	1.8
Prepelvic distance	159	45.7–56.9	52.9	1.7
Preanal distance	160	63.0–76.0	71.9	1.9
Caudal peduncle depth	160	6.4–12.4	8.6	0.5
Dorsal-fin base length	160	7.9–13.3	10.6	0.8
Anal-fin base length	160	21.5–32.0	27.1	1.6
Pectoral-fin length	153	32.9–41.8	37.8	1.8
Pelvic-fin length	156	8.3–17.0	14.0	1.4
Dorsal-fin length	151	13.9–24.0	19.7	1.7
Anal-fin length	157	7.1–16.7	12.8	1.9
Caudal peduncle length	160	6.4–12.9	9.1	1.0
Dorsal-fin to adipose-fin distance	160	23.9–39.1	29.2	1.8
Orbit to dorsal-fin distance	160	43.0–53.6	47.8	2.0
Dorsal-fin to caudal peduncle distance	160	38.2–48.7	43.2	1.8
Percents of the bony head length
Orbit diameter	160	26.1–34.9	31.8	2.1
Snout length	160	19.8–28.0	24.1	1.6
Interorbital distance	160	27.6–41.0	33.2	3.1
Upper jaw length	160	19.2–28.6	23.1	2.2
Counts			Mode
Dorsal-fin rays	152	ii,9	ii,9	–
Anal-fin rays	157	iii,25–31	iii,29	–
Caudal-fin rays	155	i,9/8,i	i,9/8,i	–
Pectoral-fin rays	153	i,10–12	i,12	–
Pelvic-fin rays	156	i,6	i,6	–
Scales on lateral line	152	33–37	34	–
Scales around caudal peduncle	156	12–14	12	–
Scales above lateral line	156	6	6	–
Scales below lateral line	156	2	2	–
Scales on the base of anal -fin	160	19–28	23	–
Scales on predorsal line	160	9–13	11	–
Premaxillary teeth – outer row	160	4–6	5	–
Premaxillary teeh – medial row	160	3	3	–
Premaxillary teeth – inner row	160	6–7	6	–

	Holotype	Paratypes				Non-types
		N	Min-Max	Mean	SD	N	Min-Max	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	97.1	11	65.9–88.7	79.9	–	89	18.9–125.5	72.8	–
Percents of standard length
Body depth	38.0	11	36.5–43.0	40.3	1.7	89	34.4–43.0	38.1	2.1
Head length	24.0	11	24.4–26.1	25.3	0.6	89	22.1–29.4	25.0	1.2
Head depth	23.3	11	21.7–27.0	24.2	1.5	89	20.9–31.4	24.0	1.9
Predorsal distance	61.6	11	62.2–65.7	63.5	1.1	89	56.0–66.7	61.9	2.0
Preventral distance	53.8	10	53.3–58.9	55.9	1.7	89	50.1–61.9	55.1	2.0
Preanal distance	71.3	11	70.5–75.3	73.3	1.7	89	67.5–77.2	72.5	1.7
Caudal peduncle height	10.5	11	9.7–10.9	10.3	0.4	89	6.7–10.9	9.6	0.8
Dorsal-fin base length	12.4	11	11.3–13.2	12.0	0.5	89	7.9–10.9	11.2	1.1
Anal-fin base length	28.7	11	28.2–30.9	29.9	0.8	89	23.8–33.8	28.7	1.7
Pectoral-fin length	38.8	11	30.7–44.3	40.8	2.4	86	33.0–43.8	39.7	2.5
Pelvic-fin length	14.0	10	10.8–16.1	14.1	1.5	83	10.5–17.4	14.8	1.4
Dorsal-fin length	20.6	11	18.5–23.0	20.1	1.3	89	13.9–23.4	20.0	1.7
Anal-fin length	13.0	11	12.8–18.0	15.3	1.6	89	10.7–20.5	14.6	2.0
Caudal peduncle length	9.5	11	8.3–11.5	9.7	1.0	89	6.7–11.5	9.1	1.1
Dorsal-fin to adipose-fin distance	27.2	11	21.8–25.3	23.8	1.2	89	24.3–31.1	27.1	1.4
Orbit to dorsal-fin distance	50.8	11	50.5–53.1	52.1	0.8	89	44.6–54.8	50.6	1.8
Dorsal-fin to caudal peduncle distance	40.8	11	40.4–43.7	42.0	1.2	89	36.3–45.5	41.0	1.8
Percents of head length
Orbital diameter	32.4	11	34.9–39.9	36.4	1.4	89	24.7–33.2	29.3	2.4
Snout length	25.9	11	23.8–28.7	26.4	1.4	89	18.5–28.1	23.9	1.8
Interorbital distance	38.0	11	32.8–40.0	36.4	2.2	89	31.4–39.3	35.0	1.9
Upper jaw length	24.6	11	21.8–25.3	23.8	1.2	89	19.5–27.4	23.3	1.7
Counts				Mode
Dorsal-fin rays	ii,9	11	ii,9	ii,9	–	89	ii,8–9	ii,9	–
Anal-fin rays	iii,29	11	iii,27–29	iii,28	–	89	iii, 24–31	Iii,28	–
Caudal-fin rays	i,9/8,i	11	i,9/i,8	25.3	–	89	i,9/8,i	i,9/8,i	–
Pectoral-fin rays	i,11	11	i,11–12	i,11	–	89	i,10–12	i,11	–
Pelvic-fin rays	i,6	11	i,6	i,6	–	89	i,6	i,6	–
Scales on lateral line	28	11	29–32	29	–	89	28–32	31	–
Scales around caudal peduncle	14	11	14	14	–	89	13–14	14	–
Scales above lateral line	6	11	6	6	–	89	6	6	–
Scales below lateral line	2	11	2	2	–	89	2	2	–
Scales on the base of anal-fin	27	11	22–26	24	–	89	20–27	24	–
Scales on presorsal line	12	11	8–12	10	–	86	8–13	11	–
Premaxillary teeth - outer row	5	11	4–5	5	–	83	4–6	5	–
Premaxillary teeth – medial row	3	11	3	3	–	89	3	3	–

	N	Min-Max	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	46	49.2–195.3	98.3	–
Percents of standard length
Body depth	46	27.9–35.1	31.2	1.4
Head length	46	20.3–26.7	23.8	1.9
Head depth	46	17.9–22.3	20.3	1.2
Predorsal distance	46	56.0–64.7	60.2	1.5
Preventral distance	46	47.2–56.8	52.2	2.2
Preanal distance	46	65.6–74.1	68.4	2.3
Caudal peduncle height	46	7.7–9.3	8.5	0.4
Dorsal-fin base length	46	7.9–11.2	9.9	0.9
Anal-fin base length	46	23.9–29.7	27.1	1.2
Pectoral-fin length	40	30.1–36.9	33.4	2.0
Pelvic-fin length	45	10.6–14.6	12.5	1.1
Dorsal-fin length	36	15.2–21.7	18.0	1.7
Anal-fin length	46	11.1–16.9	14.2	2.0
Caudal peduncle length	46	7.5–11.5	9.4	0.9
Dorsal-fin to adipose-fin distance	46	25.3–33.8	29.5	1.5
Orbit dorsal-fin distance	46	46.2–52.7	48.7	1.4
Dorsal-fin to caudal peduncle distance	46	39.4–46.5	43.1	1.4
Percents of head length
Orbital diameter	46	26.2–32.0	29.2	1.8
Snout length	46	21.1–29.7	25.0	1.6
Interorbital distance	46	26.3–33.8	30.2	1.9
Upper jaw length	46	20.9–27.9	25.2	2.0
Counts			Mode
Dorsal-fin rays	36	ii,9	ii,9	–
Anal-fin rays	46	iii, 27–31	iii,29	–
Caudal-fin rays	46	i,9/8,i	i,9/8,i	–
Pectoral-fin rays	45	i,10–12	i,11	–
Pelvic-fin rays	45	i,6	i,6	–
Scales on lateral line	46	34–38	36	–
Scales around caudal peduncle	46	12	12	–
Scales above lateral line	46	6–7	6	–
Scales below lateral line	46	2	2	–
Scales on the base of anal-fin	46	21–27	24	–
Scales on predorsal line	46	10–15	13	–
Premaxillary teeth – outer row	46	5–6	5	–
Premaxillary teeh – medial row	46	2–3	3	–
Premaxillary teeth – inner row	46	5–7	6	–