FIGURE 1 |
Canal cheek plate and pelvic girdle. A. Rhinotocinclus kwarup, MCP 32297; B. Rhinotocinclus yaka, MCP 53630; C. Parotocinclus maculicauda, MCP 17605; D. Curculionichthys scaius, MCP 53801. CCP = canal cheek plate; CL = cleithrum; CO = coracoid. Scale bars = 2 mm.
FIGURE 2 |
Pelvic fin and urogenital papilla of Rhinotocinclus. A. R. hardmani, AUM 62879, female; B. R. collinsae, MCP 54757, male; C. R. hardmani, AUM 62879, male; D. R. acuen, MCP 40543, male. Arrow points skin fold on first unbranched pelvic-fin ray. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 |
Snout shape and sexual dimorphism in Rhinotocinclus bristkii, ZUEC 16817. A. male: head wider at nostril level, nostril larger, internarial narrower, area between nostrils elevated; B. female: head narrower at nostril level, nostril smaller, internarial wider, area between nostrils not elevated. Scale bar = 2 mm.
FIGURE 4 |
Adipose fin of Rhinotocinclus. A. R. pilosus n. sp., UFRO-ICT 27700, normally developed; B. R. britskii, ZUEC 16817, normally developed; C. R. hardmani, AUM 62879, coalesced to dorsal plates. Scale bars = 2 mm.
FIGURE 5 |
Teeth color of Rhinotocinclus. A. R. collinsae, MCP 54757, brown; B. R. acuen, MCP 40543, ochre; C. R. dani, MCP 54756, yellow. Arrows point accessory teeth. Scale bars = 500 µ.
FIGURE 6 |
Snout color pattern of Rhinotocinclus. Y-shaped, A. R. longirostris, MZUSP 85786; B. R. eppleyi, MCP 54750; V-shaped, C. R. chromodontus, MCP 32660; D. R. jumaorum, MCP 54758; two separate lines, E. R. marginalis n. sp., MCP 54748; F. R. loxochelis n. sp., MPEG 38957; no light lines, G. R. collinsae, AUM 62851; H. R. hardmani, AUM 62850.
FIGURE 7 |
Lateral color pattern of Rhinotocinclus. A. R. britskii, MCP 54760; B. R. eppleyi, MCP 54750; C. R. collinsae, AUM 62851; D. R. dani, MCP 54756; E. R. acuen, MCP 40543. Numbers 1–5 are dark bars on body.
FIGURE 8 |
Dorsal-fin color pattern of Rhinotocinclus. A. R. collinsae, AUM 62851; B. R. yaka, MZUSP 123655; C. R. variola, MPEG 12431.
FIGURE 9 |
Odontodes on first pelvic-fin ray of Rhinotocinclus. A. R. acuen, MCP 40543, male; odontodes bent and turned mesially; B. R. hardmani, AUM 62879, male; odontodes aligned with main ray axis. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 10 |
Middle abdominal plates series of Rhinotocinclus. A. R. bristskii, MCP 34709, 3–4 series; B. R. discolor n. sp., MHNLS 26183, 1–2 series; C. R. pilosus n. sp., UFRO-ICT 27700, abdomen naked.
FIGURE 11 |
Snout shape in Rhinotocinclus. A. R. britskii, ZUEC 16817, more broadly rounded; B. R. longirostris, INPA 25483, more acutely pointed. Scale bars = 2 mm.
FIGURE 12 |
Snout plates in Rhinotocinclus. A. R. yaka, MCP 53639; B. R. kwarup, MCP 32297. 1–3 = prenasal plates; N = nostril; NB = nasal bone; PRP = posrostral plates; RP = rostral plate. Scale bars = 2 mm.
FIGURE 13 |
Pectoral-fin color pattern in Rhinotocinclus. A. R. longirostris, INPA 25483, mostly hyaline; B. R. variola, MCP 48245, triangular dark spot at base of branched rays. Scale bar = 2 mm.
FIGURE 14 |
Rhinotocinclus britskii, MCP 54760, 18.5 mm SL, female, Kwama creek, tributary to Coppename River, Sipaliwini, Suriname.
FIGURE 15 |
Geographical distribution of Rhinotocinclus species of the R. britskii group in central and northwestern South America. Rhinotocinclus britskii (white dots); R. discolor n. sp. (purple dots); R. eppleyi (orange dots); R. isabelae n. sp. (pink dots); R. kwarup (red dots); R. longirostris (blue dots); R. pilosus n. sp. (yellow dots); R. polyochrus (cyan dot); R. variola (black dots); R. yaka (light green dots). T = Type-locality; T1 = type-locality of Parotocinclus britskii, T2 = type-locality of P. amazonensis, T3 = type-locality of P. aripuanensis.
FIGURE 16 |
Biplot of first and second Principal Components of morphometric proportions of standard length or head length in populations of Rhinotocinclus bristskii. Percent of variation included in PC1 is 23% and in PC2 is 17%. Head length and prepelvic distance loaded more strongly positively and head depth and interorbital distance loaded more strongly negatively on PC1. Head length and lower caudal-fin principal ray loaded more strongly positively and snout length loaded more strongly negatively on PC2.
FIGURE 17 |
Box-plots of morphometric variation in populations of Rhinotocinclus bristskii as percents of standard length (A–O) or head length (P–T). A. Body depth; B. Predosal distance; C. Prepelvic distance; D. Preanal distance; E. Preadipose distance; F. Dorsal-fin spine length; G. Anal-fin unbranched ray length; H. Adipose-fin spine length; I. Pectoral-fin spine length; J. Caudal peduncle depth; K. Dorsal-adipose fin distance: L. Dorsal-fin base length; M. Lower caudal-fin principal ray; N. Cleithral width; O. Head length; P. Head depth; Q. Interorbital distance; R. Orbital horizontal diameter; S. Snout length; T. Internarial distance. Number of individuals examined by geographic region: Tocantins (3), Araguaia (12), Xingu (10), Juruena (10), Tapajós (10), Madeira (10), Aripuanã (14), Branco (8), Uraricoera (10), Mazaruni (7), Essequibo (7), Coppename (12), and Amapá (8).
FIGURE 18 |
Rhinotocinclus longirostris, MZUSP 85786, 22.8 mm SL, male, rio Preto da Eva, ca. 4 km upstream of Rio Preto da Eva town, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 19 |
Rhinotocinclus polyochrus, holotype, AMNH 74482, 27.6 mm SL, female, creek tributary to Río Mawarinuma at Neblina base camp, Amazonas, Venezuela.
FIGURE 20 |
Rhinotocinclus eppley, MCP 54750, 21.7 mm SL, female, Caño Parhueña, Puerto Ayacucho, upstream of Route 12 bridge, ca. 35 km NE of Puerto Ayacucho, Amazonas, Venezuela.
FIGURE 21 |
Live specimen of Rhinotocinclus eppleyi from lot ROM 88301, Caño Parhueña, Puerto Ayacucho, upstream of Route 12 bridge, ca. 35 km NE of Puerto Ayacucho, Amazonas, Venezuela. Photo by Nathan Lujan.
FIGURE 22 |
Rhinotocinclus variola, paratype, MCP 48245, 24.3 mm SL, male, Quebrada Tacana, tributary to Río Amazonas at km 6.5 of road from Leticia to Tarapacá, Leticia, Departamento Amazonas, Colombia.
FIGURE 23 |
Rhinotocinclus variola, MPEG 12341, 20.2 mm SL, female, rio Coari, Coari, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 24 |
Rhinotocinclus yaka, holotype, MZUSP 123655, 29.4 mm SL, female, igarapé Açaí near São Pedro Village, rio Tiquié basin, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 25 |
Rhinotocinclus kwarup, holotype, MZUSP 125830, 21.6 mm SL, female, rio Couto de Magalhães near Vila São José do Couto, Campinápolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
FIGURE 26 |
Rhinotocinclus discolor, holotype, MHNLS 26183, 24.4 mm SL, male, Caño Pasa, tributary of Río Sipapo, 98 km from Puerto Ayacucho airport, Amazonas, Venezuela.
FIGURE 27 |
Rhinotocinclus pilosus, holotype, UFRO 27700, 22.6 mm SL, female, igarapé Traíra, ca. 35 km E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 28 |
Live specimen of Rhinotocinclus pilosus from lot MCP 35878, rio Maicimirim, ca. 45 km E of rio Madeira on Transamazon road, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 29 |
Rhinotocinclus isabelae, holotype, MUSM 69737, 17.6 mm SL, female, Río Nanay, between Puerto Almendra and Tarapoto, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.
FIGURE 30 |
Live specimen of Rhinotocinclus isabelae photographed in aquarium. Photo by Daniel Konn-Vetterlein.
FIGURE 31 |
Rhinotocinclus collinsae, holotype, AMNH 55433, 23.9 mm SL, female, creek tributary to Little Takutu River, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Guyana.
FIGURE 32 |
Geographical distribution of Rhinotocinclus species of the R. collinsae group in southeastern Guiana Shield. Rhinotocinclus collinsae (yellow dots); R. halbothi (red dots); R. hardmani (blue dots). T = Type-locality
FIGURE 33 |
Rhinotocinclus halbothi, holotype, MCP 48029, 19.4 mm SL, female, creek tributary to igarapé do Moura at Platô Monte Branco, rio Trombetas drainage, Oriximiná, Pará, Brazil.
FIGURE 34 |
Rhinotocinclus hardmani, holotype, CSBD F3618, 22.7 mm SL, female, Kuribrong River at Grass Shoals Rapids, Potaro-Siparuni, Guyana.
FIGURE 35 |
Rhinotocinclus bockmanni, paratype, MCP 46046, 23.0 m SL, female, sand bank of rio Cururu, tributary to rio Teles Pires, rio Tapajós basin, Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil.
FIGURE 36 |
Geographic distribution of Rhinotocinclus species of the R. bockmanni group in southeastern Amazon basin. Rhinotocinclus bockmanni (black dots); R. dani (red dots); R. hera (pink dots); R. loxochelis n. sp. (blue dots); R. marginalis n. sp. (white dots); R. pentakelis (yellow dots). T = Type-locality.
FIGURE 37 |
Rhinotocinclus dani, MCP 54756, 26.1 mm SL, female, rio Paranaíta, Paranaíta, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
FIGURE 38 |
Rhinotocinclus hera, holotype, MCP 52500, 25.2 mm SL, female, igarapé do Onça, tributary to rio Curuá-Una, on road BR-163 between Belterra and Rurópolis, Belterra, Pará, Brazil.
FIGURE 39 |
Rhinotocinclus pentakelis, MCP 54394, 23.4 mm SL, female, rio Palma at Lavandeira, rio Tocantins basin, Tocantins, Brazil.
FIGURE 40 |
Rhinotocinclus marginalis, holotype, MCP 54748, 19.6 mm SL, rio Iriri at Cachoeira Grande, ca. 15 km upstream from confluence with rio Xingu, Piranhaquara, Pará, Brazil.
FIGURE 41 |
Rhinotocinclus loxochelis, holotype, MPEG 38957, 22.6 mm SL, female, creek in Jamanxim National Forest, Itaituba, Pará, Brazil.
FIGURE 42 |
Rhinotocinclus chromodontus, MCP 32660, 25.2 mm SL, male, igarapé Ribeirão Preto, on road MT-338, ca. 26 km ESE of Porto dos Gaúchos, Porto dos Gaúchos, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
FIGURE 43 |
Geographic distribution of Rhinotocinclus species of the R. chromodontus group in southern Amazon. Rhinotocinclus acuen (red dots); R. chromodontus (blue dots); R. dinizae (cyan dots); R. jumaorum (yellow dots). T = Type-locality.
FIGURE 44 |
Rhinotocinclus acuen, MCP 40543, 27.4 mm SL, female, córrego Trinta, tributary to rio Suaizinho on road BR-153 between Alô Brasil and Ribeirão Cascalheira, Ribeirão Cascalheira, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
FIGURE 45 |
Rhinotocinclus jumaorum, MCP 54758, 27.0 mm SL, male, rio Juma on vicinal road ca. 6 km from Transamazon road (BR-230), Apuí, Amazonas, Brazil.
FIGURE 46 |
Rhinotocinclus dinizae, LBP 4932, 19.5 mm SL, paratype, córrego Correntes, rio Araguaia basin, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil.