Redescription of <i>Austrolebias accorsii</i> (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) and description of a new species of the genus from the upper Paraguay River basin

Austrolebias accorsii is redescribed based on specimens from type-locality, nearby temporary pools, and other locations within the same hydrologic unit. Additionally, a novel Austrolebias species is described, exclusively found in two temporary waterbodies in “Abayoy”, a unique vegetation type situated in the transitional zone between the Dry Chaco, Chiquitano Dry Forest, and Pantanal Flooded Savannas ecoregions in southeastern Bolivia, bordering Paraguay, where the last voluntarily isolated indigenous people outside the Amazon in America reside. Diagnostic characters for both species are presented. Within Austrolebias two species groups are recognized with different morphological characters, geographical distribution, and ecological traits of their habitats. Furthermore, we suggest the usage of median and interquartile range rather than mean and standard deviation to analyze morphometric and meristic data of rivulids, given the typically non-Gaussian distribution of this data.

Keywords:
Chaco; Killifish; Seasonal fish; Taxonomy; Temporary water bodies

Authorship

Heinz Arno Drawert

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Investigation

Methodology

Resources

Software

Supervision

Validation

Visualization

Writing-original draft

Writing-review and editing

Sección Zoología de Vertebrados – Área Ictiología, Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Avenida Irala, 565, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; and Killifish Foundation, Country Representation Bolivia, Condominio Villa Borghese C6 M2, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. (HAD) h.a.drawert@gmail.com (corresponding author), (CE) ergueta1988@gmail.com.Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff MercadoBrazilSanta Cruz de la Sierra, BrazilSección Zoología de Vertebrados – Área Ictiología, Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Avenida Irala, 565, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; and Killifish Foundation, Country Representation Bolivia, Condominio Villa Borghese C6 M2, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. (HAD) h.a.drawert@gmail.com (corresponding author), (CE) ergueta1988@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8351-2495

Carlos Ergueta

Data curation

Formal analysis

Investigation

Methodology

Resources

Writing-review and editing

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8554-1544

Edited-by

Marcos Mirande

Correspondence

Heinz Arno Drawert h.a.drawert@gmail.com

Competing Interests

The author declares no competing interests.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (9)
Tables (2)

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FIGURE 1 |
Austrolebias accorsii. Males (1 day after collection). Left: MNKP 16556, 32.4–42.3 mm SL, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory. Right: MNKP 16552, topotypes, 39.3–48.6 mm SL, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory.

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FIGURE 2 |
Austrolebias accorsii. Females (1 day after collection). MNKP 16552, topotypes, 33.72–42.61 mm SL, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory.

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FIGURE 3 |
Occurrence localities of Austrolebias species in the northern Chacoan province. Stars represent type-localities, colors differentiate the species (A. accorsii red, Austrolebias n. sp. yellow, A. ephemerus green, A. vandenbergi blue). Blue numbers indicate the Hydrologic Unit (Pfafstetter, level 5). Sources: Ecoregions from Olson et al. (2001)Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess ND, Powell GVN, Underwood EC, D’amico JA, Itoua I, Strand HE, Morrison JC, Loucks CJ, Allnutt TF, Ricketts TH, Kura Y, Lamoreux JF, Wettengel WW, Hedao P, Kassem KR. Terrestrial ecoregions of the World: A new map of life on Earth. BioScience. 2001; 51(11):933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)0... ; Hydrologic Units from Lehner, Grill (2013)Lehner B, Grill G. Global river hydrography and network routing: baseline data and new approaches to study the world’s large river systems. Hydrol Process. 2013; 27(15):2171–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9740
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9740... ; Basemap ESRI World Topo (2022).

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FIGURE 4 |
Biotope at type-locality of Austrolebias accorsii. Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory, 18°39’26.2”S 62°58’00.2”W, 30 April 2021.

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FIGURE 5 |
Austrolebias ayoreode. Male and female (1 day after collection). Above: MNKP 16612, holotype, male, 50.7 mm SL, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory, Ñembi Guasu Conservation and Ecological Importance Area. Below: MNKP 16587, paratype, female, 38.1 mm SL, collected with holotype.

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FIGURE 6 |
Austrolebias ayoreode. Males (immediately after collection). Two uppermost: MNKP 16590, paratypes, 34.7–34.8 mm SL, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory, Ñembi Guasu Conservation and Ecological Importance Area. Lower six: MNKP 16587, paratypes, 21.2–34.7 mm SL, collected with uppermost.

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FIGURE 7 |
Austrolebias ayoreode. Females (immediately after collection). Above: MNKP 16590, paratype, 26.1 mm SL; Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory, Ñembi Guasu Conservation and Ecological Importance Area. Below: MNKP 16587 (vertically flipped), paratype, female, 38.1 mm SL, collected with MNKP 16590.

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FIGURE 8 |
Biotope at type-locality of Austrolebias ayoreode. Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory, Ñembi Guasu Conservation and Ecological Importance Area, 19°08’46”S 59°55’44”W, 10 Jun 2021. A. Well-illuminated area; B. Less illuminated area.

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FIGURE 9 |
Occurrence localities of Austrolebias species. Stars represent type-localities, dots other records. Colors differentiate the species (A. accorsii red, A. ayoreode yellow, A. bellottii dark yellow, A. ephemerus green, A. melanoorus pale green, A. queguay black, A. univentripinnis pale blue, A. vandenbergi blue) Sources: Biogeographic provinces from Morrone et al. (2022)Morrone JJ, Escalante T, Rodríguez-Tapia G, Carmona A, Arana M, Mercado-Gómez JD. Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: New map and shapefile. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2022; 94(1):e20211167. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220211167
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-37652022202... ;Ecoregions from Olson et al. (2001)Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess ND, Powell GVN, Underwood EC, D’amico JA, Itoua I, Strand HE, Morrison JC, Loucks CJ, Allnutt TF, Ricketts TH, Kura Y, Lamoreux JF, Wettengel WW, Hedao P, Kassem KR. Terrestrial ecoregions of the World: A new map of life on Earth. BioScience. 2001; 51(11):933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)0... ; Basemap ESRI World Topo (2022).

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TABLE 1 |
Morphometric and meristic data of Austrolebias accorsii. 1: MNKP 16552 (topotypes, n = 5), MNKP 16556 (n = 6), MNKP 16584 (n = 2); 2: MNKP 16552 (topotypes, n = 5), MNKP 16556 (n = 5), MNKP 16584 (n = 1).

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TABLE 2 |
Morphometric and meristic data of Austrolebias ayoreode. 1: MNKP 16612; 2: MNKP 16587 (n = 12), MNKP 16590 (n = 2); 3: MNKP 16587 (n = 9), MNKP 16590 (n = 1); 4: Holotype and paratypes; 5: Females n = 9.

FIGURE 1 | Austrolebias accorsii. Males (1 day after collection). Left: MNKP 16556, 32.4–42.3 mm SL, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory. Right: MNKP 16552, topotypes, 39.3–48.6 mm SL, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory.

FIGURE 2 | Austrolebias accorsii. Females (1 day after collection). MNKP 16552, topotypes, 33.72–42.61 mm SL, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory.

FIGURE 3 | Occurrence localities of Austrolebias species in the northern Chacoan province. Stars represent type-localities, colors differentiate the species (A. accorsii red, Austrolebias n. sp. yellow, A. ephemerus green, A. vandenbergi blue). Blue numbers indicate the Hydrologic Unit (Pfafstetter, level 5). Sources: Ecoregions from **Olson et al. (2001)Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess ND, Powell GVN, Underwood EC, D’amico JA, Itoua I, Strand HE, Morrison JC, Loucks CJ, Allnutt TF, Ricketts TH, Kura Y, Lamoreux JF, Wettengel WW, Hedao P, Kassem KR. Terrestrial ecoregions of the World: A new map of life on Earth. BioScience. 2001; 51(11):933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)0... ; Hydrologic Units from Lehner, Grill (2013)**Lehner B, Grill G. Global river hydrography and network routing: baseline data and new approaches to study the world’s large river systems. Hydrol Process. 2013; 27(15):2171–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9740
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9740... ; Basemap ESRI World Topo (2022).

FIGURE 4 | Biotope at type-locality of Austrolebias accorsii. Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory, 18°39’26.2”S 62°58’00.2”W, 30 April 2021.

FIGURE 5 | Austrolebias ayoreode. Male and female (1 day after collection). Above: MNKP 16612, holotype, male, 50.7 mm SL, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory, Ñembi Guasu Conservation and Ecological Importance Area. Below: MNKP 16587, paratype, female, 38.1 mm SL, collected with holotype.

FIGURE 6 | Austrolebias ayoreode. Males (immediately after collection). Two uppermost: MNKP 16590, paratypes, 34.7–34.8 mm SL, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory, Ñembi Guasu Conservation and Ecological Importance Area. Lower six: MNKP 16587, paratypes, 21.2–34.7 mm SL, collected with uppermost.

FIGURE 7 | Austrolebias ayoreode. Females (immediately after collection). Above: MNKP 16590, paratype, 26.1 mm SL; Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory, Ñembi Guasu Conservation and Ecological Importance Area. Below: MNKP 16587 (vertically flipped), paratype, female, 38.1 mm SL, collected with MNKP 16590.

FIGURE 8 | Biotope at type-locality of Austrolebias ayoreode. Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Cordillera, Charagua Iyambae Guarani Autonomous Territory, Ñembi Guasu Conservation and Ecological Importance Area, 19°08’46”S 59°55’44”W, 10 Jun 2021. A. Well-illuminated area; B. Less illuminated area.

FIGURE 9 | Occurrence localities of Austrolebias species. Stars represent type-localities, dots other records. Colors differentiate the species (A. accorsii red, A. ayoreode yellow, A. bellottii dark yellow, A. ephemerus green, A. melanoorus pale green, A. queguay black, A. univentripinnis pale blue, A. vandenbergi blue) Sources: Biogeographic provinces from **Morrone et al. (2022)Morrone JJ, Escalante T, Rodríguez-Tapia G, Carmona A, Arana M, Mercado-Gómez JD. Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: New map and shapefile. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2022; 94(1):e20211167. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220211167
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-37652022202... ;Ecoregions from Olson et al. (2001)**Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess ND, Powell GVN, Underwood EC, D’amico JA, Itoua I, Strand HE, Morrison JC, Loucks CJ, Allnutt TF, Ricketts TH, Kura Y, Lamoreux JF, Wettengel WW, Hedao P, Kassem KR. Terrestrial ecoregions of the World: A new map of life on Earth. BioScience. 2001; 51(11):933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)0... ; Basemap ESRI World Topo (2022).

TABLE 1 | Morphometric and meristic data of Austrolebias accorsii. 1: MNKP 16552 (topotypes, n = 5), MNKP 16556 (n = 6), MNKP 16584 (n = 2); 2: MNKP 16552 (topotypes, n = 5), MNKP 16556 (n = 5), MNKP 16584 (n = 1).

	Austrolebias accorsii
	Males1 (n = 13)			Females2 (n = 11)
	Min–Max	Median (IQR)	Mean (SD)	Min–Max	Median (IQR)	Mean (SD)
Standard length (mm)	32.42–55.17	40.58 (7.26)	41.52 (6.26)	29.22–42.61	33.72 (4.3)	33.75 (4.26)
Percents of standard length
Body depth	35.01–43.92	41.37 (4.22)	40.28 (3.11)	35.53–46.96	41.17 (3.24)	41.36 (3.18)
Caudal peduncle depth	13.5–16.17	14.96 (1.41)	15.01 (0.83)	12.76–16.53	14.33 (1.99)	14.7 (1.26)
Pre-dorsal length	48.77–55.64	51.47 (3.58)	51.93 (2.34)	48.96–60.98	58.72 (1.69)	57.85 (3.52)
Pre-pelvic length	38.59–46.1	41.64 (2.2)	41.42 (2.03)	41.3–48.54	45.38 (2.56)	45.86 (2.33)
Dorsal-fin base length	35.1–43.37	38.94 (2.71)	38.58 (2.44)	23.7–37.6	27.32 (2.01)	27.85 (3.67)
Anal-fin base length	35.61–52.9	44.73 (6.49)	45.75 (4.52)	27.92–40.18	31.79 (3.2)	32.16 (3.24)
Caudal-fin length	13.5–23.5	20.21 (4.34)	19.9 (2.98)	22.32–29.06	25.73 (1.96)	25.42 (1.75)
Pectoral-fin length	18.75–25.56	21.87 (2.03)	21.99 (1.99)	18.36–27.34	22.84 (2.9)	22.95 (2.84)
Pelvic-fin length	8.58–13.02	9.65 (0.89)	9.97 (1.42)	10.21–16.11	14.54 (3.5)	13.55 (2.06)
Head length	26.37–31.3	28.44 (1.07)	28.55 (1.44)	27.92–34.79	29.72 (3)	30.88 (2.33)
Percents of head length
Head depth	102.14–124.81	109.29 (12.38)	110.53 (8.06)	79.05–109.82	104.31 (7.89)	102.04 (9.1)
Head width	58.2–75.53	66.51 (6.83)	67.23 (5.02)	57.84–73.74	65.47 (4.7)	64.95 (4.57)
Snout length	18.39–31.11	24.54 (3.49)	24.29 (3.68)	16.93–24.73	23.15 (2.72)	22.1 (2.76)
Eye diameter	21.18–30.66	26.35 (2.58)	26.24 (2.42)	21.27–35.22	27.46 (2.87)	28.02 (4)
Meristic counts
Longitudinal series scales	30–34	33 (1)	32.62 (1.19)	30–34	32 (1.5)	32.36 (1.43)
Transverse series scales	14–18	16 (1)	16.23 (1.17)	14–18	16 (1.5)	16.09 (1.14)
Circumpeduncular rows scales	16–20	18 (0)	18 (1.15)	16–21	19 (1.5)	18.82 (1.33)
Pectoral fin rays	12–14	12 (0)	12.31 (0.63)	11–13	12 (0)	12 (0.45)
Pelvic fin-rays	4–6	5 (1)	4.69 (0.75)	4–6	5 (0)	5 (0.45)
Dorsal fin-rays	22–32	26 (3)	25.92 (2.78)	20–27	22 (4)	22.45 (2.66)
Anal fin-rays	28–36	34 (2)	33.23 (2.28)	25–35	30 (6)	30.36 (3.56)
Caudal fin-rays	20–26	24 (2)	24.31 (1.75)	24–28	26 (2)	25.64 (1.5)

TABLE 2 | Morphometric and meristic data of Austrolebias ayoreode. 1: MNKP 16612; 2: MNKP 16587 (n = 12), MNKP 16590 (n = 2); 3: MNKP 16587 (n = 9), MNKP 16590 (n = 1); 4: Holotype and paratypes; 5: Females n = 9.

	Holotype	Paratypes		Males4 (n = 15)		Females3 (n = 10)
	Male1	Males2 (n = 14)	Females3 (n = 10)	Males4 (n = 15)		Females3 (n = 10)
	Male1	Min–Max	Min–Max	Median (IQR)	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)	Mean (SD)
Standard length (mm)	50.74	21.2–34.78	19.69–38.08	26.64 (7.13)	28.81 (7.46)	22.16 (2.09)	23.83 (5.32)
Percents of standard length
Body depth	35.95	32.57–38.63	33.38–38	36.31 (1.88)	36.39 (1.53)	35.37 (1)	35.41 (1.31)
Caudal peduncle depth	14.37	13.29–16.51	10.49–16.36	14.45 (0.82)	14.65 (0.96)	13.82 (1.28)	13.55 (1.51)
Pre-dorsal length	49.94	45.31–54.33	49.02–58.11	47.47 (3.5)	48.47 (2.63)	54.16 (4)	54.26 (2.85)
Pre-pelvic length	38.39	39.02–46.71	42.56–48.3	42.18 (2.44)	41.93 (2.2)	44.82 (2.91)	45.08 (1.91)
Dorsal-fin base length	41.17	33.68–44.28	24.02–31	40.88 (2.35)	39.98 (3.05)	28.78 (2.59)	28.32 (2.21)
Anal-fin base length	45.92	39.04–45.17	23.72–29.92	42.95 (2.14)	42.46 (2.05)	27.29 (2.03)	27.48 (1.76)
Caudal-fin length5	18.58	18.34–26.14	18.72–26.22	22.12 (3.41)	21.6 (2.38)	21.78 (3.69)	22.29 (2.5)
Pectoral-fin length	22.09	18.88–27.5	19.81–25.06	22.59 (2.61)	22.58 (2.25)	22.82 (3.3)	22.36 (1.99)
Pelvic-fin length	8.10	5.05–7.93	6.56–12.18	6.27 (1.71)	6.55 (1.06)	9.01 (1.23)	9.04 (1.57)
Head length	28.42	24.96–32.55	26.48–31.79	28.12 (0.98)	28.25 (2)	29.05 (2.95)	29.64 (1.94)
Percents of head length
Head depth	108.46	100.12–117.68	96.68–107.36	108.46 (6.87)	108.28 (5.2)	103.76 (4.81)	103.39 (3.33)
Head width	65.05	70.08–83.55	66.76–82.34	77.61 (9.36)	76.25 (5.55)	72.49 (6.97)	72.26 (4.93)
Snout length	23.58	14.78–25.18	15.77–23.27	21.81 (4.47)	20.72 (3.29)	20.43 (1.5)	19.94 (2.43)
Eye diameter	24.34	25–35.81	27.18–34.14	27.85 (5.49)	29.5 (3.63)	31.88 (3.09)	31.22 (2.24)
Meristic counts
Longitudinal series scales5	30	30–33	30–31	31 (1.5)	31 (0.93)	31 (1)	30.56 (0.53)
Transverse series scales	13	11–13	11–13	12 (0)	12.13 (0.52)	12 (0)	12 (0.67)
Circumpeduncular rows scales5	17	14–17	13–16	16 (0)	15.87 (0.83)	14 (1)	13 (4.67)
Pectoral fin rays	12	12–13	12–13	12 (0)	12.2 (0.41)	12 (0.75)	12.3 (0.48)
Pelvic fin-rays	5	4–5	4–4	4 (1)	4.47 (0.52)	4 (0)	4 (0)
Dorsal fin-rays	26	23–29	18–22	26 (0)	25.87 (1.25)	21.5 (2)	20.9 (1.37)
Anal fin-rays	30	28–32	24–28	30 (2)	29.87 (1.36)	25.5 (1)	25.6 (1.26)
Caudal fin-rays	23	24–26	24–24	24 (1)	24.47 (0.92)	24 (0)	24 (0)

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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Redescription of <i>Austrolebias accorsii</i> (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) and description of a new species of the genus from the upper Paraguay River basin

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Mensagem

[1] Edited-by

Marcos Mirande