Figure 1.
Dorsal and ventral head profiles of species of
Tympanopleura: (a) T. atronasus, INHS
106400 (82.4 mm SL); (b) T. brevis, ANSP 194010 (63.3 mm
SL); (c) T. cryptica, INHS 40163 (84.9 mm SL); (d)
T. longipinna, MZUSP 114000 (73.0 mm SL, holotype); (e)
T. piperata, ANSP 194022 (45.6 mm SL); (f) T.
rondoni, ANSP 194015 (75.3 mm SL). Scale bars: a-d, f =
1 cm; e = 5 mm.
Figure 2.
Neurocranium of Tympanopleura rondoni in dorsal view, FMNH 58144 (50.3
mm SL; paratype of Ageneiosus madeirensis). Abbreviations: epo,
epioccipital; epo-p, posterior process of epioccipital. fro, frontal; io,
infraorbital; let, lateral ethmoid; mes, mesethmoid; mnp, median nuchal
plate; nas, nasal; pal, autopalatine; pma, premaxilla; pnp, posterior nuchal
plate; pto, pterotic; scl, posttemporalsupracleithrum; soc, supraoccipital;
sph, sphenotic. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 3.
Neurocranium of Tympanopleura atronasus in dorsal view, UF 185769 (91.0
mm SL). Abbreviations: epo, epioccipital; epo-p, posterior process of
epioccipital. fro, frontal; io, infraorbital; let, lateral ethmoid; mes,
mesethmoid; mnp, median nuchal plate; nas, nasal; pal, autopalatine; pma,
premaxilla; pnp, posterior nuchal plate; pto, pterotic; scl,
posttemporal-supracleithrum; soc, supraoccipital; sph, sphenotic. Scale bar
= 5 mm.
Figure 4.
Neurocranium of Tympanopleura atronasus in ventral view, UF 185769 (91.0
mm SL). Jaw apparatus, gas bladder, and some dorsomedial cranial bones
omitted. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; epo-p, posterior process of
epioccipital; exo, exoccipital; let, lateral ethmoid; mes, mesethmoid; mr,
Müllerian ramus; orb, orbitosphenoid; os, os suspensorium par, parasphenoid;
pro, prootic; pto, pterotic; scl, posttemporal-supracleithrum; sph,
sphenotic; tri, tripus; tsl, transcapular ligament; vom, vomer. Scale bar =
5 mm.
Figure 5.
Pseudotympanum (arrow) in Tympanopleura piperata, INHS 36738 (41.5 mm
SL).
Figure 6.
Gas bladders of species of Tympanopleura in ventral view: (a) T.
atronasus, INHS 106400 (79.9 mm SL); (b) T. atronasus, FMNH 93488 (107.3 mm
SL); (c) T. brevis, SIUC 39913 (59.4 mm SL); (d) T. cryptica, INHS 40163
(60.5 mm SL); (e) T. longipinna, MZUSP 34417 (50.5 mm SL); (f) T. piperata,
ANSP 194019 (42.5 mm SL); (g) T. rondoni. MZUSP 7862 (117.6 mm SL). Scale
bars: a-e = 5 mm; f = 2 mm; g = 10 mm.
Figure 7.
Posterior neurocranium and anterior axial skeleton of Ageneiosus
inermis, UMMZ 207464 (345 mm SL) in ventral view.
Figure 8.
Scatter plots of principal component scores from sheared principal
component analysis of 29 morphometric variables for: (a) all species of
Tympanopleura combined, and two-way comparisons of (b) T. atronasus and T.
cryptica, (c) T. brevis and T. cryptica, and (d) T. brevis and T.
rondoni.
Figure 9.
Tympanopleura atronasus. (a) INHS 106400 (96.4 mm SL), female, Rio
Nanay, Loreto Region, Peru; (b) UF 185769 (89.4 mm SL, male), rio Amazonas,
Amazonas State, Brazil.
Figure 10.
Distribution of Tympanopleura atronasus based on material examined.
Type-locality unknown. Some symbols represent more than one lot or
locality.
Figure 11.
Tympanopleura brevis, ANSP 194010 (68.5 mm SL), prenuptial male, rio
Jutai, Amazonas State, Brazil.
Figure 12.
Distribution of Tympanopleura brevis based on material examined
(squares; open square represents typelocality), T. cryptica (diamonds; open
diamond represents type-locality), and both species in sympatry (open
circles). Some symbols represent more than one lot or locality.
Figure 13.
Tympanopleura cryptica, new species. (a) holotype, MUSM 47102 (84.9 mm
SL), pre-nuptial male, río Orosa, Loreto Region, Peru; (b) paratype, INPA
35926 (65.3 mm SL), nuptial male, rio Purus, Amazonas State, Brazil.
Figure 14.
Tympanopleura longipinna, new species. Holotype, MZUSP 114000 (73.0 mm
SL), female, rio Madeira, Rondônia State, Brazil.
Figure 15.
Distribution of Tympanopleura longipinna (stars) and T. piperata
(inverted triangles) based on material examined. Open symbols indicate type
localities. Some symbols represent more than one lot or locality.
Figure 16.
Tympanopleura piperata. (a) ANSP 194022 (47.5 mm SL), female, rio Negro,
Amazonas State, Brazil; (b) holotype, FMNH 53243 (ex. CM 1708; 47.3 mm SL),
male, Essequibo River, Cuyuni-Mazaruni Region, Guyana, reproduced from
Eigenmann (1912; originally cited as 64 mm TL).
Figure 17.
Ossification of the median septum and tunica of the gas bladder in
Tympanopleura piperata. (a) UF 181564 (33.5 mm SL), cleared/stained; (b)
INHS 36738 (40.0 mm SL), nuptial male, radiograph. Scale bars = 5
mm.
Figure 18.
Tympanopleura rondoni. UF 185776 (124.0 mm SL), nuptial male, río
Mamoré, Beni Department, Bolivia.
Figure 19.
Distribution of Tympanopleura rondoni based on material examined. Open
triangle indicates type-locality.
Table 1.
Frequency distribution of anal-fin rays among species of Tympanopleura.
Sample mean values with different letter superscripts are significantly
different (p=0.01); SD = standard deviation.
Table 2.
Frequency distribution of pectoral-fin rays among species of Tympanopleura.
Sample mean values with different letter superscripts are significantly
different (p=0.01); SD = standard deviation.
Table 3.
Frequency distribution of total gill rakers on anterolateral margin of
first arch among species of Tympanopleura. Sample mean values with different
letter superscripts are significantly different (p=0.01); SD = standard
deviation.
Table 4.
Frequency distribution of number of preanal vertebrae among species of
Tympanopleura. Sample mean values with different letter superscripts are
significantly different (p=0.01); SD = standard deviation.
Table 5.
Frequency distribution of total number of vertebrae among species of
Tympanopleura. Sample mean values with different letter superscripts are
significantly different (p=0.01); SD = standard deviation.
Table 6.
Frequency distribution of pairs of pleural ribs among species of
Tympanopleura. Sample mean values with different letter superscripts are
significantly different (p=0.01); SD = standard deviation.
Table 7.
Variable loadings for within-group size factor and sheared principal
components representing 29 morphometric variables from a principal component
analysis (PCA) of six Tympanopleura species combined.
Table 8.
Morphometric data for specimens of Tympanopleura atronasus. Synoptic
material includes the holotype and four paratypes of T. nigricollis (CAS
57940, CAS 57941[2], CAS 57942). SD=standard deviation.
Table 9.
Morphometric data for specimens of Tympanopleura brevis. Synoptic
material includes the lectotype and paralectotype of Ageneiosus brevis (NMW
47801[2]) and holotype and paratype of T. alta (CAS 58258, CAS 58259).
SD=standard deviation.
Table 10.
Morphometric data for specimens of Tympanopleura cryptica. SD=standard
deviation.
Table 11.
Morphometric data for specimens of Tympanopleura longipinna. SD=standard
deviation.
Table 12.
Morphometric data for specimens of Tympanopleura piperata. Synoptic
material includes the holotype and six paratypes of T. piperata (FMNH 53244,
CAS 58382[3], MCZ 30189, BMNH 1911.10.31.102). SD=standard
deviation.
Table 13.
Morphometric data for specimens of Tympanopleura rondoni. Synoptic
material includes the lectotype and paralectotype of Ageneiosus rondoni
(MN
